Narrative Review: Use of Competent Stimulating Peptide in Gene Transfer Via Suicide Plasmid in Streptococcus pneumoniae
Abstract
Natural competency for genetic transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae causes the emergence of novel or non-vaccine preventable pneumococcal serotypes. This phenomenon has become a global concern as it can spread quickly in the population through inhalation and close contact. The colonisation of S. pneumoniae at the upper respiratory tract can either become commensal or pathogenic. Once the bacterium invades into the body system, it will secrete its toxin and virulence protein to facilitate the invasion. Besides, S. pneumoniae can undergo natural biological transformation via uptake of exogenous DNA by horizontal gene transfer for integration and recombination of the genome. S. pneumoniae natural transformation is aided by competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) that induces the competence of bacteria. Natural transformation cascade of S. pneumoniae via CSP is triggered in the presence of conserved 17-amino acids peptide which is regulated and encoded by comC, comD and comE operon, where comC is responsible in secreting precursor CSP. Nowadays, researchers transforming S. pneumoniae by inserting the mutated S. pneumoniae gene through a vector, suicide plasmid. Suicide plasmids such as pID701, pAUL-A and pVA891 can be transferred but cannot replicate in the bacteria. Homologous recombination process occurs once the mutated gene of suicide plasmid is integrated with wild-type S. pneumoniae. Previous studies had used the transformation of suicide plasmid into S. pneumoniae as it can integrate with host DNA at specific insert for gene transfer. But there is no evidence on the role of CSP in horizontal/gene replacement via suicide plasmid in Streptococcus pneumoniae. This narrative review's scope as per defined purpose statement is to relate and recommend the use of competent stimulating peptide in efficient horizontal gene transfer via suicide plasmids in Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Keywords: Streptococcus pneumoniae transformation; CSP-based transformation; Gene transfer via suicide plasmid; Genetic exchange; Competence-stimulating peptide
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bogaert D. de Groot R, Hermans PW. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation: the key to pneumococcal disease. The Lancet Infectious diseases, (2004); 4(3): 144-154.
Dzaraly ND, Muthanna A, Mohd Desa MN, Taib NM, Masri SN, et al. Pilus islets and the clonal spread of piliated Streptococcus pneumoniae: A review. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2020); 310(7): 151449.
Carrolo M, Pinto FR, Melo-Cristino J, Ramirez M. Pherotypes are driving genetic differentiation within Streptococcus pneumoniae. BMC microbiology, (2009); 9(1): 191.
Organization WH (2003) Manual for the laboratory identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens of public health importance in the developing world: Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoea, Salmonella serotype Typhi, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae. World Health Organization.
Perilla MJ. Manual for the laboratory identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of bacterial pathogens of public health importance in the developing world; Haemophilus influenzae, Neisseria meningitidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Salmonella serotype Typhi, Shigella, and Vibrio cholerae. (2003).
Kilian M, Poulsen K, Blomqvist T, Håvarstein LS, Bek-Thomsen M, et al. Evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae and its close commensal relatives. PloS one, (2008); 3(7): e2683.
Håvarstein LS, Gaustad P, Nes IF, Morrison DA. Identification of the streptococcal competence‐pheromone receptor. Molecular microbiology, (1996); 21(4): 863-869.
Mukherjee S, Bassler BL. Bacterial quorum sensing in complex and dynamically changing environments. Nature Reviews Microbiology, (2019); 17(6): 371-382.
Waters CM, Bassler BL. Quorum sensing: cell-to-cell communication in bacteria. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol, (2005); 21319-346.
Allan E, Hussain HA, Crawford KR, Miah S, Ascott ZK, et al. Genetic variation in comC, the gene encoding competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) in Streptococcus mutans. FEMS microbiology letters, (2007); 268(1): 47-51.
Claverys J-P, Havarstein LS. Extracellular-peptide control of competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Front Biosci, (2002); 7(d1798-1814).
Shanker E, Federle MJ. Quorum sensing regulation of competence and bacteriocins in Streptococcus pneumoniae and mutans. Genes, (2017); 8(1): 15.
RAMIREZ M, MORRISON DA, TOMASZ A. Ubiquitous distribution of the competence related genes comA and comC among isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Microbial Drug Resistance, (1997); 3(1): 39-52.
Hong W, Khampang P, Erbe C, Kumar S, Taylor SR, et al. Nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae inhibits autolysis and fratricide of Streptococcus pneumoniae in vitro. Microbes and infection, (2014); 16(3): 203-213.
Håvarstein LS, Martin B, Johnsborg O, Granadel C, Claverys JP. New insights into the pneumococcal fratricide: relationship to clumping and identification of a novel immunity factor. Molecular microbiology, (2006); 59(4): 1297-1037.
Randle E, Ninis N, Inwald D. Invasive pneumococcal disease. Archives of Disease in Childhood-Education and Practice, (2011); 96(5): 183-190.
Weiser JN, Ferreira DM, Paton JC. Streptococcus pneumoniae: transmission, colonization and invasion. Nature Reviews Microbiology, (2018); 16(6): 355-367.
Tocheva AS, Jefferies JM, Christodoulides M, Faust SN, Clarke SC. Distribution of carried pneumococcal clones in UK children following the introduction of the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine: a 3-year cross-sectional population based analysis. Vaccine, (2013); 31(31): 3187-3190.
Amonov M, Simbak N, Wan Hassan WMR, Ismail S, A. Rahman NI, et al. Disruption of the cpsE and endA Genes Attenuates Streptococcus pneumoniae Virulence: Towards the Development of a Live Attenuated Vaccine Candidate. Vaccines, (2020); 8(2): 187.
Quin LR, Onwubiko C, Moore QC, Mills MF, McDaniel LS, et al. Factor H binding to PspC of Streptococcus pneumoniae increases adherence to human cell lines in vitro and enhances invasion of mouse lungs in vivo. Infection and immunity, (2007); 75(8): 4082-4087.
Hassan M, Baig AA, Attique SA, Abbas S, Khan F, et al. Molecular docking of alpha-enolase to elucidate the promising candidates against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. DARU Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (2021); 1-12.
Cybulska J, Jeljaszewicz J, Lund E, Munksgaard A. Prevalence of types of Diplococcus pneumoniae and their susceptibility to 30 antibiotics. Chemotherapy, (1970); 15(5): 304-316.
Brandileone M-CC, Almeida SC, Minamisava R, Andrade A-L. Distribution of invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes before and 5 years after the introduction of 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Brazil. Vaccine, (2018); 36(19): 2559-2566.
Chaguza C, Cornick JE, Everett DB. Mechanisms and impact of genetic recombination in the evolution of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, (2015); 13241-247.
Khan MN, Pryharski K, Pichichero ME. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of monovalent PCVs containing 22F and 33F polysaccharides in mouse models of colonization and co-infection. Vaccine, (2018); 36(38): 5701-5708.
Johnsborg O, Håvarstein LS. Regulation of natural genetic transformation and acquisition of transforming DNA in Streptococcus pneumoniae. FEMS microbiology reviews, (2009); 33(3): 627-642.
LefranGois J, Samrakandi MM, Sicard AM. Electrotransformation and natural transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae: requirement of DNA processing for recombination. Microbiology, (1998); 144(11): 3061-3068.
Brown JS, Gilliland SM, Basavanna S, Holden DW. phgABC, a three-gene operon required for growth of Streptococcus pneumoniae in hyperosmotic medium and in vivo. Infection and immunity, (2004); 72(8): 4579-4588.
Heap JT, Ehsaan M, Cooksley CM, Ng Y-K, Cartman ST, et al. Integration of DNA into bacterial chromosomes from plasmids without a counter-selection marker. Nucleic acids research, (2012); 40(8): e59-e59.
Zhu L, Lau GW. Therapeutic potential of the Streptococcus pneumoniae competence regulon. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy, (2013); 11(3): 227-229.
Bergé M, Langen H, Claverys J-P, Martin B. Identification of a protein that inactivates the competence-stimulating peptide of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of bacteriology, (2002); 184(2): 610-613.
Håvarstein LS, Coomaraswamy G, Morrison DA. An unmodified heptadecapeptide pheromone induces competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (1995); 92(24): 11140-11144.
Pestova E, Håvarstein L, Morrison D. Regulation of competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae by an auto‐induced peptide pheromone and a two‐component regulatory system. Molecular microbiology, (1996); 21(4): 853-862.
Hui FM, Morrison DA. Genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae: nucleotide sequence analysis shows comA, a gene required for competence induction, to be a member of the bacterial ATP-dependent transport protein family. Journal of bacteriology, (1991); 173(1): 372-381.
Chandler MS, Morrison DA. Identification of two proteins encoded by com, a competence control locus of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Journal of bacteriology, (1988); 170(7): 3136-3141.
Hui FM, Zhou L, Morrison DA. Competence for genetic transformation in Streptococcus pneumoniae: organization of a regulatory locus with homology to two lactococcin A secretion genes. Gene, (1995); 153(1): 25-31.
Havarstein L. Molecular Microbiology, vol. 21,". Identification of the streptococcal competence-pheromone receptor, (1996); 863-869.
Martin B, Soulet al, Mirouze N, Prudhomme M, Mortier‐Barrière I, et al. ComE/ComE∼ P interplay dictates activation or extinction status of pneumococcal X‐state (competence). Molecular microbiology, (2013); 87(2): 394-411.
Peterson SN, Sung CK, Cline R, Desai BV, Snesrud EC, et al. Identification of competence pheromone responsive genes in Streptococcus pneumoniae by use of DNA microarrays. Molecular microbiology, (2004); 51(4): 1051-1070.
Hsieh Y-C, Wang J-T, Lee W-S, Hsueh P-R, Shao P-L, et al. Serotype competence and penicillin resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Emerging infectious diseases, (2006); 12(11): 1709.
Johnsborg O, Kristiansen PE, Blomqvist T, Håvarstein LS. A hydrophobic patch in the competence-stimulating peptide, a pneumococcal competence pheromone, is essential for specificity and biological activity. Journal of bacteriology, (2006); 188(5): 1744-1749.
Herta T, Bhattacharyya A, Bollensdorf C, Kabus C, García P, et al. DNA-release by Streptococcus pneumoniae autolysin LytA induced Krueppel-like factor 4 expression in macrophages. Scientific reports, (2018); 8(1): 1-14.
Steinmoen H, Teigen A, Håvarstein LS. Competence-induced cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae lyse competence-deficient cells of the same strain during cocultivation. Journal of bacteriology, (2003); 185(24): 7176-7183.
Lacks S, Greenberg B, Neuberger M. Role of a deoxyribonuclease in the genetic transformation of Diplococcus pneumoniae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (1974); 71(6): 2305-2309.
Méjean V, Claverys J-P. Polarity of DNA entry in transformation of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Molecular and General Genetics MGG, (1988); 213(2-3): 444-448.
Morrison D. Transformation in pneumococcus: protein content of eclipse complex. Journal of bacteriology, (1978); 136(2): 548-557.
Fox MS. Fate of Transforming Deoxyribonucleate following Fixation by Transformable Bacteria: II. Nature, (1960); 187(4742): 1004-1006.
Koirala B, Phillips NR, Tal-Gan Y. Unveiling the importance of amide protons in CSP: ComD interactions in Streptococcus pneumoniae. ACS Medicinal Chemistry Letters, (2019); 10(6): 880-886.
Mostowy R, Croucher NJ, Hanage WP, Harris SR, Bentley S, et al. Heterogeneity in the frequency and characteristics of homologous recombination in pneumococcal evolution. PLoS Genet, (2014); 10(5): e1004300.
Punatar RS, Martin MJ, Wyatt HD, Chan YW, West SC. Resolution of
single and double Holliday junction recombination intermediates by GEN1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2017); 114(3): 443-450.
Latif AZA, Rohin MAK, Yeo CC, Simbak N, Baig AA. Suicide Plasmids for Gene Replacement in Streptococcus pneumoniae; Requirement for Natural Transformation against Positive Selection Using Competent Stimulating Peptide. Asian Journal of Medicine and Biomedicine, (2018); 17-18.
Philippe N, Alcaraz J-P, Coursange E, Geiselmann J, Schneider D. Improvement of pCVD442, a suicide plasmid for gene allele exchange in bacteria. Plasmid, (2004); 51(3): 246-255.
Lau GW, Haataja S, Lonetto M, Kensit SE, Marra A, et al. A functional genomic analysis of type 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae virulence. Molecular microbiology, (2001); 40(3): 555-571.
Brown JS, Gilliland SM, Ruiz-Albert J, Holden DW. Characterization of pit, a Streptococcus pneumoniae iron uptake ABC transporter. Infection and immunity, (2002); 70(8): 4389-4398.
Francis KP, Yu J, Bellinger-Kawahara C, Joh D, Hawkinson MJ, et al. Visualizing Pneumococcal Infections in the Lungs of Live Mice Using Bioluminescent Streptococcus pneumoniaeTransformed with a Novel Gram-Positive luxTransposon. Infection and immunity, (2001); 69(5): 3350-3358.
Chang C-Y, Lin H-J, Li B-R, Li Y-K. A Novel metallo-β-lactamase involved in the ampicillin resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae ATCC 49136 strain. PloS one, (2016); 11(5): e0155905.
Tao L. Streptococcal integration vectors for gene inactivation and cloning. Methods in cell science, (1998); 20(1-4): 59-64.
Smith MD, Shoemaker NB, Burdett V, Guild WR. Transfer of plasmids by conjugation in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Plasmid, (1980); 3(1): 70-79.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.