Non-Surgical Treatment Methodologies and Prevention for Malignant Melanoma
Abstract
Melanocytes in the skin and other organs generate the tumor known as malignant melanoma (MM). It has a high degree of malignancy, a deprived prognosis, and a propensity for local recurrence and distant metastasis. Although there have been tremendous advancements in MM management choices over the past ten years, there are still a dearth of clinically viable therapy alternatives and no internationally accepted treatment standard. The prognosis of MM patients has recently improved thanks to the development of immunotherapy and targeted therapy. As a result, this article examines the most recent findings from studies on the non-surgical treatment methodologies for MM and its preventive measures.
Keywords: Malignant melanoma; Treatment therapies; Combined therapies; Prevention
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Bloomston M, Frankel WL, Petrocca F, Volinia S, Alder H, et al. MicroRNA expression patterns to differentiate pancreatic adenocarcinoma from normal pancreas and chronic pancreatitis. The Journal of American Medical Association, (2007); 297 171901-1908.
Jemal A, Devesa SS, Hartge P, Tucker MA. Recent trends in cutaneous melanoma incidence among whites in the United States. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, (2001); 93(9): 678-683.
American Cancer Society (2020). Key statistics for melanoma skin cancer[EB/OL].[2021-09- 21 ]https://www.cancer.org/cancer/melano- m a-s k i n-c a n c e r/a b o u t/k e y-s t a t i s t i c s .h t m l.
Ernst M, Giubellino A. The Current State of Treatment and Future Directions in Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma. Biomedicines, (2022); 10(4).
Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Laversanne M, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020: GLOBOCAN Estimates of Incidence and Mortality Worldwide for 36 Cancers in 185 Countries. A Cancer Journal of Clinicians, (2021); 71(3): 209-249.
Balch CM. Cutaneous melanoma: prognosis and treatment results worldwide. Seminars in Surgical Oncology, (1992); 8(6): 400-414.
Cascinelli N, Zurrida S, Galimberti V, Bartoli C, Bufalino R, et al. Acral lentiginous melanoma. A histological type without prognostic significance. The Journal of Dermatologic Surgery and Oncology, (1994); 20(12): 817-822.
Chang AE, Karnell LH, Menck HR. The National Cancer Data Base report on cutaneous and noncutaneous melanoma: a summary of 84,836 cases from the past decade. The American College of Surgeons Commission on Cancer and the American Cancer Society. Cancer, (1998); 83(8): 1664-1678.
Ahmed B, Qadir MI, Ghafoor S. Malignant Melanoma: Skin Cancer-Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment. Critical reviews in eukaryotic gene expression, (2020); 30(4): 291-297.
Edwards BK, Howe HL, Ries LA, Thun MJ, Rosenberg HM, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973-1999, featuring implications of age and aging on U.S. cancer burden. Cancer, (2002); 94(10): 2766-2792.
Elwood JM, Gallagher RP. Site distribution of malignant melanoma. Canadian Medical Association Journal, (1983); 128(12): 1400-1404.
Read RL, Haydu L, Saw RP, Quinn MJ, Shannon K, et al. In-transit melanoma metastases: incidence, prognosis, and the role of lymphadenectomy. Annals of Surgical Oncology, (2015); 22(2): 475-481.
Tuli HS, Sak K, Iqubal A, Choudhary R, Adhikary S, et al. Recent Advances in Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Malignant Melanoma. Current Pharmaceutical Design, (2022); 28(29): 2363-2374.
Long GV, Swetter SM, Menzies AM, Gershenwald JE, Scolyer RA. Cutaneous melanoma. Lancet, (2023); 402(10400): 485-502.
Uhara H. Recent advances in therapeutic strategies for unresectable or metastatic melanoma and real-world data in Japan. International Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2019); 24(12): 1508-1514.
Livingstone A, Agarwal A, Stockler MR, Menzies AM, Howard K, et al. Preferences for Immunotherapy in Melanoma: A Systematic Review. Annals of Surgical Oncology, (2020); 27(2): 571-584.
Haanen JB. Immunotherapy of melanoma. European Journal of Cancer Supplements, (2013); 11(2): 97-105.
Zappasodi R, Sirard C, Li Y, Budhu S, Abu-Akeel M, et al. Rational design of anti-GITR-based combination immunotherapy. Nature Medicine, (2019); 25(5): 759-766.
Liu BL, Robinson M, Han ZQ, Branston RH, English C, et al. ICP34.5 deleted herpes simplex virus with enhanced oncolytic, immune stimulating, and anti-tumour properties. Gene Therapy, (2003); 10(4): 292-303.
MacKie RM, Stewart B, Brown SM. Intralesional injection of herpes simplex virus 1716 in metastatic melanoma. Lancet, (2001); 357(9255): 525-526.
Johnson DB, Puzanov I, Kelley MC. Talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Immunotherapy, (2015); 7(6): 611-619.
Senzer NN, Kaufman HL, Amatruda T, Nemunaitis M, Reid T, et al. Phase II clinical trial of a granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor-encoding, second-generation oncolytic herpesvirus in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2009); 27(34): 5763-5771.
Andtbacka RHI, Collichio F, Harrington KJ, Middleton MR, Downey G, et al. Final analyses of OPTiM: a randomized phase III trial of talimogene laherparepvec versus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor in unresectable stage III-IV melanoma. Journal of Immunotherapy of Cancer, (2019); 7(1): 145.
Mancuso P, Tricarico R, Bhattacharjee V, Cosentino L, Kadariya Y, et al. Thymine DNA glycosylase as a novel target for melanoma. Oncogene, (2019); 38(19): 3710-3728.
Lugowska I, Teterycz P, Rutkowski P. Immunotherapy of melanoma. Contemporary Oncology (Pozn), (2018); 22(1a): 61-67.
Hunder NN, Wallen H, Cao J, Hendricks DW, Reilly JZ, et al. Treatment of metastatic melanoma with autologous CD4+ T cells against NY-ESO-1. New England Journal of Medicine, (2008); 358(25): 2698-2703.
Innamarato P, Kodumudi K, Asby S, Schachner B, Hall M, et al. Reactive Myelopoiesis Triggered by Lymphodepleting Chemotherapy Limits the Efficacy of Adoptive T Cell Therapy. Molecular Therapy, (2020); 28(10): 2252-2270.
Villani A, Scalvenzi M, Fabbrocini G, Ocampo-Candiani J, Ocampo-Garza SS. Looking into a Better Future: Novel Therapies for Metastatic Melanoma. Dermatology and Therapy (Heidelb), (2021); 11(3): 751-767.
Shi H, Lan J, Yang J. Mechanisms of Resistance to Checkpoint Blockade Therapy. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, (2020); 124883-117.
Buchbinder EI, Hodi FS. Melanoma in 2015: Immune-checkpoint blockade – durable cancer control. Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology, (2016); 13(2): 77-78.
Khushalani NI, Diab A, Ascierto PA, Larkin J, Sandhu S, et al. Bempegaldesleukin plus nivolumab in untreated, unresectable or metastatic melanoma: Phase III PIVOT IO 001 study design. Future Oncology, (2020); 16(28): 2165-2175.
Spitler LE, Boasberg P, O'Day S, Hamid O, Cruickshank S, et al. Phase II study of nab-paclitaxel and bevacizumab as first-line therapy for patients with unresectable stage III and IV melanoma. American Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2015); 38(1): 61-67.
Corrie PG, Marshall A, Dunn JA, Middleton MR, Nathan PD, et al. Adjuvant bevacizumab in patients with melanoma at high risk of recurrence (AVAST-M): preplanned interim results from a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled phase 3 study. Lancet Oncology, (2014); 15(6): 620-630.
Weber J, Mandala M, Del Vecchio M, Gogas HJ, Arance AM, et al. Adjuvant Nivolumab versus Ipilimumab in Resected Stage III or IV Melanoma. New England Journal of Medicine, (2017); 377(19): 1824-1835.
Zhang K, Guo L. MiR-767 promoted cell proliferation in human melanoma by suppressing CYLD expression. Gene, (2018); 641272-278.
Rajkumar S, Berry D, Heney KA, Strong C, Ramsay L, et al. Melanomas with concurrent BRAF non-p.V600 and NF1 loss-of-function mutations are targetable by BRAF/MEK inhibitor combination therapy. Cell Reports, (2022); 39(1): 110634.
Postow MA, Callahan MK, Wolchok JD. Immune Checkpoint Blockade in Cancer Therapy. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2015); 33(17): 1974-1982.
Haugh AM, Johnson DB. Management of V600E and V600K BRAF-Mutant Melanoma. Current Treatment Options in Oncology, (2019); 20(11): 81.
Schadendorf D, Hodi FS, Robert C, Weber JS, Margolin K, et al. Pooled Analysis of Long-Term Survival Data From Phase II and Phase III Trials of Ipilimumab in Unresectable or Metastatic Melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2015); 33(17): 1889-1894.
Chiou VL, Burotto M. Pseudoprogression and Immune-Related Response in Solid Tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2015); 33(31): 3541-3543.
Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, et al. BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Research, (2004); 64(19): 7099-7109.
Flaherty KT, Lee SJ, Schuchter LM, Flaherty LE, Wright JJ, et al. Final results of E2603: A double-blind, randomized phase III trial comparing carboplatin (C)/paclitaxel (P) with or without sorafenib (S) in metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2010); 28(15_suppl): 8511-8511.
Ribas A, Kim KB, Schuchter LM, Gonzalez R, Pavlick AC, et al. BRIM-2: An open-label, multicenter phase II study of vemurafenib in previously treated patients with BRAF V600E mutation-positive metastatic melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology : official journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, (2011); 29 15_suppl8509.
Chapman PB, Hauschild A, Robert C, Larkin JMG, Haanen JBAG, et al. Updated overall survival (OS) results for BRIM-3, a phase III randomized, open-label, multicenter trial comparing BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib (vem) with dacarbazine (DTIC) in previously untreated patients with BRAFV600E-mutated melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2012); 30(15_suppl): 8502-8502.
Kefford R, Arkenau H, Brown MP, Millward M, Infante JR, et al. Phase I/II study of GSK2118436, a selective inhibitor of oncogenic mutant BRAF kinase, in patients with metastatic melanoma and other solid tumors. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2010); 28(15_suppl): 8503-8503.
Ives NJ, Suciu S, Eggermont AMM, Kirkwood J, Lorigan P, et al. Adjuvant interferon-α for the treatment of high-risk melanoma: An individual patient data meta-analysis. European Journal of Cancer, (2017); 82171-183.
Agarwala SS, Lee SJ, Yip W, Rao UN, Tarhini AA, et al. Phase III Randomized Study of 4 Weeks of High-Dose Interferon-α-2b in Stage T2bNO, T3a-bNO, T4a-bNO, and T1-4N1a-2a (microscopic) Melanoma: A Trial of the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group-American College of Radiology Imaging Network Cancer Research Group (E1697). Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2017); 35(8): 885-892.
Mohr P, Hauschild A, Trefzer U, Enk A, Tilgen W, et al. Intermittent High-Dose Intravenous Interferon Alfa-2b for Adjuvant Treatment of Stage III Melanoma: Final Analysis of a Randomized Phase III Dermatologic Cooperative Oncology Group Trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2015); 33(34): 4077-4084.
Eigentler TK, Gutzmer R, Hauschild A, Heinzerling L, Schadendorf D, et al. Adjuvant treatment with pegylated interferon α-2a versus low-dose interferon α-2a in patients with high-risk melanoma: a randomized phase III DeCOG trial. Annals of Oncology, (2016); 27(8): 1625-1632.
Sosman JA, Kim KB, Schuchter L, Gonzalez R, Pavlick AC, et al. Survival in BRAF V600-mutant advanced melanoma treated with vemurafenib. New England Journal of Medicine, (2012); 366(8): 707-714.
Trunzer K, Pavlick AC, Schuchter L, Gonzalez R, McArthur GA, et al. Pharmacodynamic Effects and Mechanisms of Resistance to Vemurafenib in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2013); 31(14): 1767-1774.
Long GV, Weber JS, Infante JR, Kim KB, Daud A, et al. Overall Survival and Durable Responses in Patients With BRAF V600-Mutant Metastatic Melanoma Receiving Dabrafenib Combined With Trametinib. Journal of Clinical Oncology : Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology, (2016); 34(8): 871-878.
Robert C, Karaszewska B, Schachter J, Rutkowski P, Mackiewicz A, et al. Improved overall survival in melanoma with combined dabrafenib and trametinib. New England Journal of Medicine, (2015); 372(1): 30-39.
Kirkwood J, Long G, Trefzer U, Davies M, Ascierto P, et al. BREAK-MB: A phase II study assessing overall intracranial response rate (OIRR) to dabrafenib (GSK2118436) in patients (pts) with BRAF V600E/k mutation-positive melanoma with brain metastases (mets). Journal of Clinical Oncology, (2012); 308501-8501.
Wolchok JD, Chiarion-Sileni V, Gonzalez R, Rutkowski P, Grob JJ, et al. Overall Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma. New England Journal of Medicine, (2017); 377(14): 1345-1356.
Fusi A, Dalgleish A. The importance for immunoregulation for long-term cancer control. Future Oncology, (2017); 13(18): 1619-1632.
任宇, 刘宝瑞, 邹征云. 晚期恶性黑色素瘤的靶向及免疫治疗研究进展. 现代肿瘤医学, (2018); 26(12): 1970-1974. Ren Yu, Liu Baorui, and Zou Zhengyun. "Research Progress on Targeted and Immunotherapy for Advanced Malignant Melanoma." Modern Oncology, 2018; 26(12): 1970-1974.
Schick U, Kyula J, Barker H, Patel R, Zaidi S, et al. Trametinib radiosensitises RAS- and BRAF-mutated melanoma by perturbing cell cycle and inducing senescence. Radiotherapy and oncology : Journal of the European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology, (2015); 117.
Cohen-Inbar O. PS1 – 140 The Effect of Timing of Stereotactic Radiosurgery Treatment of Melanoma Brain Metastases Treated with Ipilimumab. Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences, (2016); 43(S4): S6-S7.
Markovic SN, Erickson LA, Rao RD, Weenig RH, Pockaj BA, et al. Malignant melanoma in the 21st century, part 1: epidemiology, risk factors, screening, prevention, and diagnosis. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, (2007); 82(3): 364-380.
Kaskel P, Sander S, Kron M, Kind P, Peter RU, et al. Outdoor activities in childhood: a protective factor for cutaneous melanoma? Results of a case-control study in 271 matched pairs. British Journal of Dermatology, (2001); 145(4): 602-609.
Grob JJ, Guglielmina C, Gouvernet J, Zarour H, Noé C, et al. Study of sunbathing habits in children and adolescents: application to the prevention of melanoma. Dermatology, (1993); 186(2): 94-98.
Montague M, Borland R, Sinclair C. Slip! Slop! Slap! and SunSmart, 1980-2000: Skin cancer control and 20 years of population-based campaigning. Health Education and Behavior, (2001); 28(3): 290-305.
Aitken JF, Janda M, Elwood M, Youl PH, Ring IT, et al. Clinical outcomes from skin screening clinics within a community-based melanoma screening program. Journal of American Academy of Dermatology, (2006); 54(1): 105-114.
Marks R. An overview of skin cancers. Incidence and causation. Cancer, (1995); 75(2 Suppl): 607-612.
Qadir MI. Skin cancer: Etiology and management. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, (2016); 29(3): 999-1003
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.