A Review of the Effects of Omega-3 and Omega-6 on Alcoholic and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver

Mohammad Darvishi, Khulood Majid Alsaraf, Mariam Alaa Toama, Salema K. Hadrawi, Montather F. Ramadan, Mohadeseh Pirhadi, Omid-Ali Adeli

Abstract


Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a type of fatty fat that causes an increase in alcohol consumption. Excessive alcohol consumption causes inflammation, and liver damage. The certain fatty acids (FAs) may be involved in this liver damage. Anti-inflammatory and blood lipid lowering effects are the effects of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFAs). NAFLD is the hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome because obesity and insulin resistance are the main pathogenic factors of both diseases. NAFLD is a disease associated with metabolic syndrome. Most patients with NAFLD are obese, although the disease can also affect non-obese people. Metabolic and genetic factors play an important role in the occurrence of this disease. Oxidative stress, lipotoxicity and inflammation play a key role in the development of NAFLD. There is a lot of evidence for the therapeutic potential of omega-3 PUFAs fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), mainly docosahexaenoic acid and eicosatetraenoic acid in the treatment of metabolic diseases due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Therefore, in this review article, we examined the effects of omega-3 and omega-6 on alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Falih BT, Mohammed ST, Mohammed NJ. Effects of the silver nanoparticle synthesis from the leaves of the Capparis spinosa plant on the liver of mice infected with visceral leishmaniasis. Caspian Journal of Environmental Sciences, (2022); 20(4): 785-791.

Mandil O, Sabri H, Manouchehri N, Mostafa D, Wang HL. Root coverage with apical tunnel approach using propolis as a root conditioning agent: A case report with 2‐year follow‐up and review of the literature. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, (2023); 9(4): 568-573.‏

Manouchehri N, Ghodsi S, Atri F, Sarraf P, Seyedi D, Valizadeh S. Effect of pretreatment of root dentin surface with cold atmospheric plasma on improving the bond strength of fiber post and resin cement: In vitro study. Clinical and Experimental Dental Research, (2023.);9(4):653-660.

Tobin D. Evaluation of a High Concentrate Omega-3 for Correcting the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Nutritional Deficiency in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (CONDIN). Nutrients, (2018); 10(8): 3.

Della Corte C, Iasevoli S, Strologo AD, Sanseviero M, Nobili V Chapter Two - Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Fatty Liver Disease in Children, in Advances in Food and Nutrition Research, F. Toldrá, Editor, (2018); 59-77.

Kotronen A, Yki-Järvinen H. Fatty liver: a novel component of the metabolic syndrome. Arterioscler Thrombosis Vasccular Biolology, (2008); 28(1): 27-38.

Rehm J, Samokhvalov AV, Shield KD. Global burden of alcoholic liver diseases. Journal of Hepatology, (2013); 59(1): 160-168.

Chalasani N, Szabo G. Alcoholic and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, Springer, (2015): 23(2): 5.

Lee S, Gura KM, Puder M. Omega-3 fatty acids and liver disease. Hepatology, (2007); 45(4):841-845.

El-Badry AM, Graf R, Clavien PA. Omega 3 - Omega 6: What is right for the liver? J Hepatology, (2007); 47(5): 718-25.

Simopoulos AP. The importance of the omega-6/omega-3 fatty acid ratio in cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases. Experimental Biolology Medicine, (2008); 233(6): 674-88.

Jiang H, Wang L, Wang D, Yan N, Li C, Wu M, Wang F, Mi B, Chen F, Jia W, Liu X Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid biomarkers and risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and mortality. Clinical Nutrition, (2022); 41(8): 1798-1807.

Miura K, Hughes MC, Ungerer JP, Green AC. Plasma eicosapentaenoic acid is negatively associated with all-cause mortality among men and women in a population-based prospective study. Nutrition Research, (2016); 36(11): 1202-1209.

Zhuang P, Wang W, Wang J, Zhang Y, Jiao J. Polyunsaturated fatty acids intake, omega-6/omega-3 ratio and mortality: Findings from two independent nationwide cohorts. Clinical Nutrition, (2019); 38(2): 848-855.

Calder PC, Yaqoob P. Omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids, cardiovascular disease and stability of atherosclerotic plaques. Cell Molecular Biology, (2010); 56(1): 28-37.

Calder PC. Fatty acids and inflammation: the cutting edge between food and pharma. Eur Journal of Pharmacology, (2011); 668(1): 50-8.

Lee CH. Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutritions, (2020); 12(9): 276.

Szostak A, Ogłuszka M, Te Pas MF, Poławska E, Urbański P, Juszczuk-Kubiak E, Blicharski T, Pareek CS, Dunkelberger JR, Horbańczuk JO, Pierzchała M. Effect of a diet enriched with omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids on the pig liver transcriptome. Genes Nutrition, (2016); 11(1): 1-17.

Hodson LF. Rosqvist, and S.A. Parry, The influence of dietary fatty acids on liver fat content and metabolism. Proceture Nutrition Society, (2020); 79(1): 30-41.

Lazo M, Clark JM. The epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a global perspective. in Seminars in liver disease. 2008. Thieme Medical Publisher, (2008).

Valantinas J, Apanaviciene DA, Maroziene L, Sveikata A. The prevalence of metabolic risk factors among outpatients with diagnosed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Lithuania. Medical Science Monitor: International Medical Journal of Experimental Clinical Research, (2012); 18(5): 57.

Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Negro F, Hallaji S, Younossi Y, Lam B, Srishord M.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in lean individuals in the United States. Medicne, (2012); 91(6): 319-327.

Keating SE, Hackett DA, Parker HM, O’Connor HT, Gerofi JA, Sainsbury A, Baker MK, Chuter VH, Caterson ID, George J, Johnson NA. Effect of aerobic exercise training dose on liver fat and visceral adiposity. Journal of Hepatology, (2015); 63(1): 174-82.

Sung, K.C. Effect of exercise on the development of new fatty liver and the resolution of existing fatty liver. Journal of Hepatology, (2016); 65(4): 791-797.

Liu CH, Ampuero J, Gil-Gómez A, Montero-Vallejo R, Rojas Á, Muñoz-Hernández R, Gallego-Durán R, Romero-Gómez M. Lifestyle changes in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PloS one, (2022); 17(2): 0263931.

Oseini AM Sanyal AJ. Therapies in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Liver International, (2017); 37 (1): 97-103.

Alwayn IP.Omega-3 fatty acids improve hepatic steatosis in a murine model: potential implications for the marginal steatotic liver donor. Transplantation, (2005); 79(5): 606-8.

Šmíd V.Effect of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Lipid Metabolism in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome and NAFLD. Hepatology Communications, (2022); 6(6): 1336-1349.

Bonsembiante L, Targher G, Maffeis C. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents: a role for nutrition? Euopean Journal of Clinical Nutrition, (2022); 76(1): 28-39.

Nobili V. Indications and limitations of bariatric intervention in severely obese children and adolescents with and without nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: ESPGHAN Hepatology Committee Position Statement. ournal of Pediatrics Gastroenterology Nutrition, (2015); 60(4): 550-61.

Bower G, Toma T, Harling L, Jiao LR, Efthimiou E, Darzi A, Athanasiou T, Ashrafian H. Bariatric Surgery and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: a Systematic Review of Liver Biochemistry and Histology. Obesity Surgery, (2015); 25(12): 2280-9.

Lassailly G, Caiazzo R, Buob D, Pigeyre M, Verkindt H, Labreuche J, Raverdy V, Leteurtre E, Dharancy S, Louvet A, Romon M. Bariatric Surgery Reduces Features of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis in Morbidly Obese Patients. Gastroenterology, (2015); 149(2): 379-88; quiz e15-6.

Calder PC. Marine omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory processes: Effects, mechanisms and clinical relevance. Biochimical Biophys Acta, (2015); 1851(4): 469-84.

Jump DB, Tripathy S, Depner CM. Fatty acid-regulated transcription factors in the liver. Annual Nutrition, (2013); 33: 249-69.

Cussons AJ, Watts GF, Mori TA, Stuckey BG. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation decreases liver fat content in polycystic ovary syndrome: a randomized controlled trial employing proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, (2009); 94(10): 3842-8.

Yan JH, Guan BJ, Gao HY, Peng XE. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicines, (2018); 97(37): e12271.

He XX, Wu XL, Chen RP, Chen C, Liu XG, Wu BJ, Huang ZM. Effectiveness of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. PLoS One, (2016); 11(10): 0162368.

Jump, D.B., et al., Potential for dietary ω-3 fatty acids to prevent nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and reduce the risk of primary liver cancer. Advanced Nutrition, 2015; 6(6): 694-702.

Yu L, Yuan M, Wang L. The effect of omega-3 unsaturated fatty acids on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences, (2017); 33(4): 1022-1028.

Lytle KA, Wong CP, Jump DB. Docosahexaenoic acid blocks progression of western diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in obese Ldlr-/- mice. PLoS One, (2017); 12(4): e0173376.

Oscarsson J, Önnerhag K, Risérus U, Sundén M, Johansson L, Jansson PA, Moris L, Nilsson PM, Eriksson JW, Lind L. Effects of free omega-3 carboxylic acids and fenofibrate on liver fat content in patients with hypertriglyceridemia and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Clinical Lipidology, (2018); 12(6): 1390-1403.e4.

Masterton GS, Plevris JN, Hayes PC. Review article: omega-3 fatty acids - a promising novel therapy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Alimental Pharmacological Thereapeutics, (2010); 31(7): 679-92.

Oboodiat M, Bakhtiari R, Shakib P, Manoocheri N, Khakpour, A. The Most Important Native Iranian Medicinal Plants Affecting The Bacteria that Cause Tooth Decay; A Systematic Review. Indian Journal of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, (2021); 15(3): 3421–3425.

Dasarathy S, Dasarathy J, Khiyami A, Yerian L, Hawkins C, Sargent R, McCullough AJ. Double-blind randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of omega 3 fatty acids for the treatment of diabetic patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, (2015); 49(2): 137-44.

Song Q, Chen Y, Zhao L, Ouyang H, Song J. Monitoring of sausage products sold in Sichuan Province, China: A first comprehensive report on meat species’ authenticity determination. Scientific Reports, (2019); 9(1): 1-9.

Chen, L.H., et al., Omega-3 fatty acids as a treatment for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clinical Nutrition, (2018); 37(2): 516-521.

Dionysopoulos G, Kalopitas G, Vadarlis A, Bakaloudi DR, Gkiourtzis N, Karanika E, Tsekitsidi E, Chourdakis M. The effect of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation on pediatric patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Nutrition Espain, (2021); 46: 54-55.

Shapiro H, Tehilla M, Attal-Singer J, Bruck R, Luzzatti R, Singer P. The therapeutic potential of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clinical Nutrition, (2011); 30(1): 6-19.

Musa-Veloso K, Venditti C, Lee HY, Darch M, Floyd S, West S, Simon R. Systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled intervention studies on the effectiveness of long-chain omega-3 fatty acids in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition Research, (2018); 76(8): 581-602.

de Castro GS Calder PC. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and its treatment with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Clinical Nutrition, (2018); 37(1): 37-55.

Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA, Cohn JS, O’Connor HT, George J. Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hepatology, (2012); 56(4): 944-51.

Jump DB, Lytle KA, Depner CM, Tripathy S. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids as a treatment strategy for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Pharmacology Therapeutics, (2018); 181: 108-125.

Ghiasi S, Falahatkar B, Sajjadi M. Short- and long-term effect of feeding with flaxseed meal on biochemical parameters and plasma enzymes in cultured Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). Aquatic Animals Nutrition, )2021(; 7(1): 69-82.

Hosseinnia E, Khara H, Farokhroz M, Yousefi Jourdehi A, Kazemi R. Effects of dietary olive oil and butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) on digestive and hepatic enzymes, liver and intestinal histology in young Persian sturgeon, Acipenser persicus in brackish water. Aquatic Animals Nutrition, )2020(; 6(1): 27-41.

Cansanção K. Impact of Long-Term Supplementation with Fish Oil in Individuals with Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double Blind Randomized Placebo Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutriton, (2020); 12(11): 3.

Sangouni AA, Orang Z, Mozaffari-Khosravi H. Effect of omega-3 supplementation on fatty liver and visceral adiposity indices in diabetic patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Nutrition Espain, (2021); 44: 130-135

Darvishi M, Nazer MR, Alipour MR. Investigating the end of patients suffering from diabetic foot hospitalized in Be'sat hospital of IRIAF from 2009 to 2014. Biomedical Research India, (2017); 1;28:4630-3.

Forootan M, Tabatabaeefar M, Mosaffa N, Ashkalak HR, Darvishi M. Investigating esophageal stent-placement outcomes in patients with inoperable non-cervical esophageal cancer. Journal of Cancer, (2018);9(1):213.

Darvishi M, Ziari K, Mohebbi H, Alizadeh K. Association between iron deficiency anemia and Helicobacter pylori infection among children under six years in Iran. Acta Medica Iranica, (2015); 220-4.

Jalalmanesh S, Darvishi M, Rahimi M, Akhlaghdoust M. Contamination of senior medical students’ cell phones by nosocomial infections: a survey in a university-affiliated Hospital in Tehran. Shiraz E-Medical Journal, (2017); 30;18(4).

Darvishi M, Forootan M, Nazer MR, Karimi E, Noori M. Nosocomial Infections, Challenges and Threats: A Review Article. Iranian Journal of Medical Microbiology, (2020); 10;14(2):162-81.

Miri, M., Khandan Barani, H. Determination of aluminium bioaccumulation in liver, gill and muscle tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Aquatic Animals Nutrition, 2017; 3(2): 1-12.

Darvishi M. Antibiotic resistance pattern of uropathogenic methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolated from immunosuppressive patients with pyelonephritis. Journal of Pure Applied Microbiology, (2016); 1;10(4):2663-7.

Manouchehri N. Most important medicinal plants with anti-halitosis property: An overview. Journal of Biochemical Phytomedicine, (2023); 2(1): 1–2.

Geramizadeh B , Adeli OA, Rahsaz M, Maral Mokhtari, Sefidbakht S. Comparison of the Expression of Cell Adhesion Molecule Markers (E-Cadherin and Syndecan-1) between Young and Older Age Patients with Gastric Carcinoma. Journal of Gastrointestinal Cancer, (2010);41(3):193-6.

Seyed-Ahmad Seyed-Alagheband SA , Sharifian M , Adeli OA, Sohooli M, Shekouhi R. Primary synovial sarcoma of thyroid gland: A case report and review of literature. International Journal of Surgery Case Report, (2021); 85: 106245.

Seyed-alagheband SA, Shahmoradi MK, Adeli OA, Shamsi T, Sohooli M, Shekouhi R. Case Report Oncology, (2021); 14(3): 1698–1705.

Mussavi M, Asadollahi K, Janbaz F, Mansoori E, Abbasi N. The evaluation of red reflex sensitivity and specificity test among neonates in different conditions. Iranian Journal of Pediatrics, (2014);24(6):697.

Bahmani M, Saki K, Asadbeygi M, Adineh A, Saberianpour S, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Bahmani F, Bahmani E. The effects of nutritional and medicinal mastic herb (Pistacia atlantica). Journal of Chemical Pharmamaceutical Research, (2015);7(1):646-53.

Karimi E, Abbasi S, Abbasi N. Thymol polymeric nanoparticle synthesis and its effects on the toxicity of high glucose on OEC cells: involvement of growth factors and integrin‐linked

kinase. Drug design, Development and Therapy, (2019); 25: 2513-32.

Sedighi M, Bahmani M, Asgary S, Beyranvand F, Rafieian-Kopaei M. A review of plant-based compounds and medicinal plants effective on atherosclerosis. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, (2017); 22: 1.

Abbasi N, Akhavan MM, Rahbar‐Roshandel N, Shafiei M. The effects of low and high concentrations of luteolin on cultured human endothelial cells under normal and glucotoxic conditions: involvement of integrin‐linked kinase and cyclooxygenase‐2. Phytotherapy Research, (2014);28(9): 1301-7.

Manouchehri N. A review of the most widely used medicinal plants in the treatment of dental and oral disorders and diseases. Journal of Biochemicals and Phytomedicine. (2022); 1(1): 3–7.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v10i4.1858

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.