Association between gonadotrophic hormones (FSH and LH) and Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Adult Iraqi Males: a case-control Study

Bilal Ahmed Thmail, Mohammed Mezher Hussain, Amal Rasheed Farhan

Abstract


Background: Numerous authors have extensively assessed the correlation between gonadotrophic hormones, (FSH) and (LH), and metabolic disturbances in type 2 diabetes among postmenopausal women; On the other hand, there is limited knowledge regarding the connection between metabolic disorders in DMT2 and the pituitary-gonadal axis for men. Only a small number of published articles have emphasized noteworthy results in this regard. The current study has labeled an objective of how DMT2 is linked to serum hormonal levels concerning gonadotrophins.

Methods: Iraq, Al-Ramadi Hospital served as the site of case-control research, involving 100 adult males diagnosed with DMT2 and 50 healthy male people as a control group. The patients were chosen at random among the people attending the Al-Ramadi teaching hospital's diabetes control center. The control group consisted of 50 adult males who were healthcare providers working at the teaching hospital. The study collected various variables, including age, (BMI), serum (FSH), (LH), fasting plasma glucose level, HbA1c%, HOMA-IR, and insulin level.

Results: Mean serum LH was significant lower in patients with DMT2 Compared to controls, 3.83 ±1.76 mIU/ml versus 9.88 ± 1.64 mIU/ml, (p < 0.001); in addition, the percentage of individuals with low serum LH was significantly high in the patient’s group in comparison to that of the control, 95.0 % versus 4.0 %, (p < 0.001). Mean serum FSH was significant lower in patients with DMT2 in comparison with the category of controls, 3.41 ±1.25 mIU/ml versus 9.01 ±1.44 mIU/ml, (p < 0.001); Moreover, the percentage of people with low serum FSH was significantly higher in patients’ group in comparison to that of control, 100 % versus 0.0 %, (p < 0.001).

Conclusions: DMT2 is linked with a significant effect on the pituitary-gonadal axis leading to reduced production of FSH and LH hormones in men.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Banday M, Sameer S, Nissar S. Pathophysiology of diabetes: An overview. Avicenna journal of medicine, (2020); 10(4), 174–188.

Kharroubi T, Darwish H. Diabetes mellitus: The epidemic of the century. World journal of diabetes, (2015); 6(6), 850–867.

DiMeglio A, Evans-Molina C, Oram A. Type 1 diabetes; Lancet (London, England), (2018); 391(10138): 2449–2462.

Galicia-Garcia U, Benito-Vicente A, Jebari S, Larrea-Sebal A, Siddiqi H, Uribe B, Ostolaza H, Martín C. Pathophysiology of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International journal of molecular sciences, (2020); 21(17): 6275.

Abusaib M, Ahmed M, Nwayyir H, Alidrisi H, Al-Abbood M, Al-Bayati A, Al-Ibrahimi S, Al-Kharasani A, Al-Rubaye H, Mahwi T, Ashor A, Howlett H, Shakir M, Al-Naqshbandi M, Mansour A. Iraqi Experts Consensus on the Management of Type 2 Diabetes/Prediabetes in Adults. Clinical medicine insights. Endocrinology and diabetes, (2020); 13, 1179551420942232.

Khan B, Hashim J, King K, Govender D, Mustafa H, Al Kaabi J. Epidemiology of Type 2 Diabetes - Global Burden of Disease and Forecasted Trends. Journal of epidemiology and global health, (2020); 10(1), 107–111.

Ismail L, Materwala H, Al Kaabi J. Association of risk factors with type 2 diabetes. A systematic review. Computational and structural biotechnology journal, (2021); 19, 1759–1785.

Deshpande D, Harris-Hayes M, Schootman M. Epidemiology of diabetes and diabetes-related complications. Physical therapy, (2008); 88(11), 1254–1264.

Farmaki P, Damaskos C, Garmpis N, Garmpi A, Savvanis S, Diamantis E. Complications of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Current cardiology reviews, (2020); 16(4), 249–251.

Stefanska A, Cembrowska P, Kubacka J, Kuligowska-Prusinska M, Sypniewska G. Gonadotropins and Their Association with the Risk of Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Postmenopausal Women. Disease markers, (2019); 2384069.

Olokoba B, Obateru A, Olokoba B. Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a review of current trends. Oman Medical Journal, (2012); 27(4), 269–273.

Wu Y, Ding Y, Tanaka Y, Zhang W. Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. International Journal Medicine Science, (2014); 11(11):1185-1200.

Temneanu R, Trandafir M, Purcarea R. Type 2 diabetes mellitus in children and adolescents: a relatively new clinical problem within pediatric practice. Journal Medicine Life, (2016); 9(3): 235-239.

Xu H, Verre C. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Children. American Family Physician, (2018); 2018 Nov 1; 98(9): 590-594.

Chobot A, Górowska-Kowolik K, Sokołowska M, Jarosz-Chobot P. Obesity and diabetes-Not only a simple link between two epidemics. Diabetes Metabolism Research and Reviews, (2018); 34(7): e3042

Maneesh M, Jayalakshmi H, Singh A, Chakrabarti A. Impaired hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function in men with diabetes mellitus. Indian journal of clinical biochemistry, (2006); 21(1), 165–168.

Emanuele A, Emanuele V. Alcohol's effects on male reproduction. Alcohol health and research world, (2001); 22(3), 195–201.

Prichard J, Despres P, Gagnon J, Tchernof A, Nadeaci A, Tremblag A, Bouchard C. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolisms. (1998); 83 (9), 3277-3284.

Das K, Nayak P, Vasudevan M. Biochemical markers of alcohol consumption. Indian journal of clinical Biochemistry, (2003); 18 (2), 111- 118.

Ali R, Alameri N, AL Rumaidh S, Ethaib S. Correlation between reproductive hormones levels and semen quality in patients with diabetes. Journal of Medicine and life, (2022); 15(12), 1507–1510.

Hussein Z, Al-Qatsi J. Effect of diabetes mellitus Type 2 on Pituitary Gland Hormones (FSH, LH) in men and Women in Iraq. Journal of Al-Nahrain University Science, (2012); 15, 75-79.

Zheng R, Cao L, Cao W, Chu X, Hu Y, Zhang H, Xu J, Sun H, Bao W, Liu K, Liu C. Risk Factors for Hypogonadism in Male Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Journal of diabetes research, (2016); 5162167.

Basu K, Singhania P, Bandyopadhyay R, Biswas K. Late-onset hypogonadism in type 2 diabetic and nondiabetic male: a comparative study. Journal of Indian Medical Association, (2012); 110(8), 573-575.

Chandel A, Dhindsa S, Topiwala S, Chaudhuri A, Dandona P. Testosterone concentration in young patients with diabetes. Diabetes care, (2008); 31(10), 2013–2017.

Ndisang JF, Vannacci A, Rastogi S. Insulin Resistance, Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, and Related Complications 2017. Journal of Diabetes Research, (2017); 2017: 1478294.

Sampath Kumar A, Maiya AG, Shastry BA, Vaishali K, Ravishankar N, Hazari A, Gundmi S, Jadhav R. Exercise and insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Annals of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, (2019); Mar; 62(2): 98-103.

Czech MP. Insulin action and resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes. National of Medicine, (2017); 23(7): 804-814.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v10i0.1984

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.