Isolation and identification of a mycotoxin produced by Aphanoascus terreus

Abeer Mohammed Ali Al-garawyi, Amal Jameel Kadhim, Majid Mohammed Mahmood

Abstract


Background: Keratinophilic fungi prefer keratin-rich materials such as; horn, hoof, and beak of birds for the purposes of growth and reproduction, they utilize keratin as a source of carbon. Mycotoxins, which are produced as byproducts by fungi, are dangerous to both human and animal health. This research aims to isolate and identify Aphanoascus terreus fungi from the soil as well as determine their potential to create mycotoxins.

Methods: In January–April 2022, 45 soil samples were randomly collected from southern Iraq to isolation and identification of keratinophilic fungi, the hair bait method and molecular techniques were used also, detection of mycotoxin achieved by TLC technique then experimental injection in vivo.

Results: The findings showed that 12 (66.7%) out of 18 soil samples that tested positive for the genus Aphanoascus belonged to the species A. terreus. When these isolates were compared to NCBI using PCR sequencing, they were 99% matched. In addition, all these isolates show the capacity to create a range of unidentified secondary metabolites with a variety of colors and flow rates. Only one compound was studied that appeared with a turquoise hue, so we named it A. terreus  T (ATT), which has an Rf. of 18.7 cm. The analysis of secondary metabolites with the aid of FTIR and GC-MS chemical tests indicated possibilities; the most probable is that the ATT is an acidic compound. Visual examinations of the skin of rats injected with ATT showed no obvious abnormalities. Microscopically, they appeared normal as well, but with mild inflammatory signs around the hair follicles.

Conclusion: The outcomes represent the first international registration ever made in accordance with what is known about the production of a mycotoxin from A. terreus. This finding is considered the first reference regarding mycotoxin production from A. terreus.


Full Text:

PDF

References


Nosratabadi M, Kordbacheh P, Kachuei R, Safara M, Rezaie S, Afshari M. Isolation of keratinophilic fungi from the soil of Greater Tunb, Abu-Musa, and Sirri islands in the Persian Gulf, Iran. Current Medical Mycology, (2017); 3(2): 13-19.

Wisal G, Osman, H. Isolation and Identification of Keratinophilic Fungi from Cattle House Soil in Khartoum City, Sudan.Asian Soil Research Journal, (2018); 1(4): 1-6.

Ali TH, Ali NH, Mohamed LA. Production, Purification and some properties of extracellular keratinase from feathers degradation by Aspergillus oryzaeNrrl-447. Journal of Applied Sciences in Environmental Sanitation, (2011); 6(2): 123-136.

Singh CJ. Optimization of an extracellular protease of Chrysosporium keratinophilum and its potential in bioremediation of keratinic wastes. Mycopathologia, (2003);156(3): 151-156.‏

Saber WIA, El-Metwally MM, El-Hersh M S. Keratinase production and biodegradation of some keratinous wastes by Alternaria tenuissima and Aspergillus nidulans. Research Journal of Microbiology, (2010); 5(1): 21-35.‏

Schoch CL, Seifert KA, Huhndorf S, Robert V, Spouge JL, Levesque CA,White MM. Nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for Fungi. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, (2012);109(16): 6241-6246.‏

Doi K, Uetsuka K. Mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced dermal toxicity and tumorigenesis through oxidative stress-related pathways. Journal of toxicologic pathology, (2014); 27(1): 1-10.‏

Surai PF, Mezes M, Melnichuk SD, Fotina TI. Mycotoxins and animal health: From oxidative stress to gene expression. Krmiva: Časopis o hranidbi životinja, proizvodnji i tehnologiji krme, (2008); 50(1): 35-43.‏

Larone DH. Medically Important Fungi (A Guide to Identification). Am. Soc. of Mic. New York: Elsevier, (1987); 169:1-203.

Sharma R, Rajak RC. Keratinophilic fungi: Nature’s keratin degrading machines!. Resonance, (2003); 8(9): 28-40.‏

Frey D, Oldfield RJ, Bridger RC. A colour atlas of pathogenic fungi, (1979). Wolfe Medical Publications Ltd., Wolfe House, 3-5 Conway Street, London W1P 6HE.‏

Al-Jumaili SA. Mycotoxins. Book house, first edition, Karbala, Iraq, (2014) ; PP.75-94.

Aubaid AH, Al-Shawi HA, Al-Dujaili NH. Anovel antibiotic-like substance isolation from a dermatophyte, Trichophyton rubrum. Reviews in Medical Microbiology, (2018); 29(2): 89-100.‏

Hasson SO, Al-Awady MJ, Al-Hamadani AH, Al-Azawi IH, Ali AI. Boosting antimicrobial activity of imipenem in combination with silver nanoparticles towards S. fonticola and Pantoea sp. Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, (2019); 11(2): 200-214.‏

Al-Jumaili SA, Al-Mousawi. Isolation and diagnosis of fungi associated with imported apple and study of toxicological effects of A. terreus in male white Rat. Al-Kufa University Journal for Biology, (2011); 3(2): 66-72.

Tovar EA, Essenburg CJ, Graveel C. In vivo Efficacy Studies in Cell Line and Patient derived Xenograft Mouse Models. Bio-protocol, (2017); 7(1): 1-15.

Suvarna KS, Layton C, Bancroft JD. Pigments and minerals. Bancroft’s Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques, Eighth edn: Elsivier. (2019; PP.73-113.‏

Ameer TA, Mukhlis AA, Al-Fakhry KA. Organic and spectroscopic diagnosis, Higher Education Press and Scientific Research, Baghdad, ( 1988); PP. 190.

Senes CE, Saldan NC, Costa WF, Svidzinski TI, Oliveira CC. Identification of Fusarium oxysporum fungus in wheat based on chemical markers and qualitative GC-MS test. Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society, (2018); 29(12): 2626-2635.‏

El‐Said AHM. Keratinophilic fungi in soils of Yemen Arab Republic. Journal of basic microbiology, (1994); 34(5): 311-315.‏

Altayyar IA, Osman NA, Elbreki MF, Ibrahim H, Aboalasad A, Barkah A, Almahdi N. Isolation and identification of soil keratinophilic fungi from different area in south of Libya. International Journal of Applied Medical and Biological Research, (2016); 1(1): 27-32.‏

Irum F, Suhail M, Abro H. Keratinophilic fungi from the soil of district, Jamshoro, Sindh, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Botany, (2007); 39(4): 1377.‏

Gugnani HC. Nondermatophytic filamentouskeratinophilic fungi and their role in human infection. Revista Iberoamericana Micologia Apdo, (2000); 17, 109-14.‏

Kizis D, Vichou AE, Natskoulis PI. Recent advances in mycotoxin analysis and detection of mycotoxigenic fungi in grapes and derived products. Sustainability, (2021);13(5): 2537.‏

Singh J, Mehta A. Rapid and sensitive detection of mycotoxins by advanced and emerging analytical methods: A review. Food science & nutrition, (2020); 8(5): 2183-2204.‏

Gupta AK, Ahmad I, Borst I, Summerbell RC. Detection of xanthomegnin in epidermal materials infected with Trichophyton rubrum. Journal of investigative dermatology, (2000); 115(5): 901-905.‏

Nickoloff BJ, Naidu Y. Perturbation of epidermal barrier function correlates with initiation of cytokine cascade in human skin. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, (1994); 30(4): 535-546.‏

Kumar R, Dwivedi PD, Dhawan A, Das M, Ansari KM. Citrinin-generated reactive oxygen species cause cell cycle arrest leading to apoptosis via the intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in mouse skin. Toxicological sciences, (2011); 122(2): 557-566.‏

Saxena N, Ansari KM, Kumar R, Dhawan A, Dwivedi PD, Das M. Patulin causes DNA damage leading to cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through modulation of Bax, p53 and p21/WAF1 proteins in skin of mice. Toxicology and applied pharmacology, (2009); 234(2): 192-201.‏

Alshannaq A, Yu JH. Occurrence, toxicity, and analysis of major mycotoxins in food. International journal of environmental research and public health, (2017):14(6): 632.‏

Stoytcheva M, Montero G, Zlatev R, A Leon J, GochevV. Analytical methods for lipases activity determination: a review. Current Analytical Chemistry, (2012); 8(3): 400-407.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.