Sphingomyelin, Plasminogen, and Docosahexaenoic in Sera of Autism Spectrum Disorder Children

Ali Fadheel Hamoud, Narjis Hadi Al-Saadi

Abstract


Background: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), more commonly referred to as autism, is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is pervasive, highly heritable, and extremely variable. It is characterized by underlying cognitive features that frequently co-occur with other conditions. Since ASD is a multifactor disease, genetics, and environmental factors can play crucial roles in its progression. However, very few biological parameters can be used as a prediction for ASD which can help in diagnosis and starting the treatment early. Given the rapidly increasing prevalence of ASD, there is an urgent need to identify related diagnostic biomarkers.  This study aims to investigate the association between some blood parameters that can be used to predict ASD and classify the severity, which were the main aims of the current inquiry.

Method: A case-control study was conducted on children with ASD, 37 Kids with ASD participated in the current investigation and 46 kids as the control group, their ages were between 3-12 years. Children with ASD were divided into two subgroups depending on the severity of ASD using the Gilliam scale. Competitive and sandwich ELISA were used to measure the biochemical markers of this study.

Result: After blood samples were collected three parameters were measured (sphingomyelin, plasminogen, and docosahexaenoic acid). In medium ASD cases, the results display that there is a significant increase in all parameters (sphingomyelin, plasminogen, and docosahexaenoic acid) respectively [(OR:4.691, CI:1.289~17.068, p=0.014), (OR:7.5, CI:1.844~30.509, p=0.001), (OR:5.156, CI:1.412~18.831, p=0.001)]. On other hand, in under medium cases of ASD, there is a significant decrease in Sphingomyelin levels (OR:0.97, CI:0.356~0.836, p=0.001), plasminogen (OR: 0.5, CI: 0.169~0.560, p=0.05), and docosahexaenoic (OR: 0.22, CI: 0.63~1.771, p=0.003) when compared with the control group.

Conclusion: In sum, our results showed that these noninvasive parameters can be used as biomarkers for ASD diagnosis and disease propagation. More research needs to be done to cover other pathophysiology parameters with genetics analysis for ASD that can be used as prediction biomarkers.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Sphingomyelin; Plasminogen; Docosahexaenoic acid 


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