The role of opioid and nitrergic systems in dual modulation of seizure susceptibility

Muhammad Imran Khan, Farid Ullah Shah, Abdul Wahab, Vahid Nikoui, Ahmad Reza Dehpour

Abstract


Epilepsy is a chronic disorder presented by recurrent episodes of seizures and affect worldwide individuals.  The underlying mechanism of seizure is still elusive. Hence, there is still a need to determine the contribution of various systems in neurobiology and treatment of seizure. Evidence shows that opioid and nitrergic systems within the brain interact to modulate various physiological and pathological conditions including memory, pain, reward, addiction, depression, and seizure. Various studies revealed that diverse dose of opioids such as morphine has dual modulation in seizure susceptibility. For instance, it is reported that morphine at lower doses (0.5, 1, and 3 mg/kg) exerts an anticonvulsant effect in experimental seizure models, whereas at higher doses (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg) it could exacerbate the seizure. Similarly, nitrergic system has also been observed to possess dual effects in modulating the seizure threshold. Therefore, understanding of opioidergic and nitrergic systems interaction in seizure seems important to achieve the successful goal of seizure management. This review aimed to clarify and provide insight into how opioidergic and nitrergic systems interact in brain and mediate seizure behavior.

Keywords: Opioids; Nitric oxide; Seizures; Morphine 


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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v7i4.823

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