Potential of Camel Dung as Promising Organic Manure in Saudi Arabia

Eitimad Hashim Abdel-Rahman, Fawzia Saleh Alzahrani, Abdel Moneim El Hadi Sulieman

Abstract


Energy consumption in Saudi Arabia (KSA) is growing rapidly due to the high living standards, population growth and urbanization rates. KSA has planned for the development and use of biomass renewable energy sources, which are available abundantly, carbon-neutral and climate mitigation source. The main purpose of this review article is to analyze and discuss the challenges and opportunities of Camel Manure (CM) as an effective management of the livestock waste, and its potential development in the management of biomass and energy technology (BETM). The trends in the camel population growth projected at approximately 1.6 million camels in the Arab Peninsula and approximately 53% of the total in KSA with untapped manure falling along with the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) making them ideal for energy extractions and applications in remote and rural areas. Research is needed to assess camel manure resources (supply and demand), the technology scope for economic, energy capacity and application evaluation to fill energy potential and challenges applications for KSA.

Keywords: Camel Manure; Biomass; Bioenergy; Manure Technology; KSA

 


Full Text:

PDF

References


Malik K. Human development report 2013. The rise of the South: Human progress in a diverse world. UNDP-HDRO Human Development Reports, 2013. http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr2013_en_summary.pdf, accessed at 15 March, 2019.

Bank W. Country Profile of Saudi Arabia, Bank Data. World Bank webpage, 2017. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG?locations=SA, accessed at 15 March, 2019.

Aga O, Ouda, OK, Raza SA. Investigating waste to energy potential in the Eastern Region, Saudi Arabia: International Conference on Renewable Energies for Developing Countries 2014. IEEE, (2014); 7-11.

Ouda OK, Cekirge HM, Raza SA. An assessment of the potential contribution from waste-to-energy facilities to electricity demand in Saudi Arabia. Energy Conversion and Management, (2013); 75: 402-406.

Ouda OKM and Cekirge HM. Potential Environmental Values of Waste-to-Energy Facilities in Saudi Arabia. Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, (2014); 39(11): 7525-7533.

Tawabini B, Ouda O, Raza S. Investigating of waste to energy potential as a renewable energy resource in Al-Hasa Region, Saudi Arabia. in 5th international symposium on energy from biomass and waste, Venice, Italy, (2014); 17-20.

Saudi Vision 2030, (2016). https://vision2030.gov.sa/en/file/fid/417.htm. Accessed 18th October, 2019.

Alshehry AS, Belloumi M. Energy consumption, Carbon Dioxide emissions and economic growth: The case of Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2015); 41: 237-247.

Sawin JL. Renewables 2010 global status report, (2010); 1-80.

Stat F. Food and Agriculture Organization. Data base: http://faostat. fao. org/si e/567/DesktopDefault. aspx, 2011. Accessed on 20th December, 2019.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). FAOSTAT livestock Manure: Manure left on pasture (N content) by camels and Llamas, average 1961-2017. At http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QA.htm. Accessed on 20th December, 2019.

FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization statistics). Agri-Environmental Indicators disseminates data on the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions shares of agriculture and related land use to the total emissions from all economic sectors, Saudi Arabia 2004. At http://faostat/en/#data/EM. Accessed on 20th December, 2019.

Harrison D, Bates P. The Mammals of Arabia. 2nd ed. 1991; 354 pp. Sevenoaks, UK: Harrison Zoological Museum Publication.

Faye B. Camelids and sustainable development. Veterinariâ, (2015); 42: 38-43.

Faye B, Bonnet P. Camel sciences and economy in the world: current situation and perspectives. Proceeding of 3rd ISOCARD conference. Muscat, Sultanate of Oman, (2012); 2-15. Keynote presentations. 29th January-1st February, 2012.

Baltimore PR. From the Camel to the Cadillac: Automobility, Consumption, and the US-Saudi Special Relationship, 2014; 24 pp. University of California, Santa Barbara Press.

Rawat U, Agarwal N. Biodiversity: concept, threats and conservation. Environment Conservation Journal, (2015); 16(3): 19-28.

Faulk OB. The US Camel Corps: An Army Experiment. 1976; 213-213. Oxford University Press.

Chilonda P, Otte J. Indicators to monitor trends in livestock production at national, regional and international levels. Livestock Research for Rural Development, (2006); 18(8): 117-117.

Oyama S. Cleaning the House, Greening the Farm: Reverse Thinking and “African Potentials” to Combat Desertification in Sahel Region, West Africa. Land, the State and the Unfinished Decolonisation Project in Africa: Essays in Honour of Professor Sam Moyo, (2019); 143-178.

Simenew K, Dejen T, Tesfaye S, Fekadu R, Tesfu K, Fufa D. Characterization of camel production system in Afar pastoralists, North East Ethiopia. Asian Journal of Agricultural Sciences, (2013); 5(2): 16-24.

Raziq A, Younas M, Rehman Z. Continuing education article prospects of livestock production in Balochistan. Veterinary Journal, (2010); 30(3): 181-186.

Farah KO, Nyariki DM, Ngugi RK, Noor IM, Guliye AY. The Somali and the camel: Ecology, management and economics. The Anthropologist, (2004); 6(1): 45-55.

Santamaria B, Strosnider WH, Quispe MR, Nairn RW. Evaluating locally available organic substrates for vertical flow passive treatment cells at Cerro Rico de Potosí, Bolivia. Environmental earth sciences, (2014); 72(3): 731-741.

Raza SA. Camels’ Manure from Waste to a Worthwhile Farming Agent. Traditional Animal Genetic Resources for Food Security under Climate Change Influence, Category: Agricultural Development, (2016).

https://camel4all.blog/2016/02/02/camels-dungzfrom-waste-to-a-worthwhile-farming-agent.htm. Accessed on 28th December, 2019.

Alzuraiq F, Faye B, Lesnoff M. Use of demographic model to assess the potential change in camel population and economy: the example of Saudi Arabia. In: Silk Road Camel: The Camelids, Main Stakes for Sustainable Development. Proceeding of 4th Conference of ISOCARD, Almaty, Kazakhstan, (2015); 312-314.

Jiang X, Sommer SG, Christensen KV. A review of the biogas industry in China. Energy Policy, (2011); 39(10): 6073-6081.

He K, Zhang J, Zeng Y, Zhang L. Households' willingness to accept compensation for agricultural waste recycling: taking biogas production from livestock manure waste in Hubei, PR China as an example. Journal of Cleaner Production, (2016); 131: 410-420.

Neshat SA, Mohammadi M, Najafpour GD, Lahijani P. Anaerobic co-digestion of animal manures and lignocellulosic residues as a potent approach for sustainable biogas production. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2017); 79: 308-322.

Khan MS, Kaneesamkandi Z. Biodegradable waste to biogas: renewable energy option for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Innovation and Applied Studies, (2013); 4: 101-113.

GM Initiative. Resource Assessment for Livestock and Agro-industrial Wastes-India, (2011). Accessed on 8th October, 2019. https://www.globalmethane.org/documents/ag_india_res_assessment.pdf.htm.

Basu P, Butler J, Leon MA. Biomass co-firing options on the emission reduction and electricity generation costs in coal-fired power plants. Renewable energy, (2011); 36(1): 282-288.

Kaur G, Brar YS, Kothari D. Potential of livestock generated biomass: Untapped energy source in India. Energies, (2017); 10(7): 847-847.

Massé DI, Talbot G, Gilbert Y. On farm biogas production: A method to reduce GHG emissions and develop more sustainable livestock operations. Animal Feed Science and Technology, (2011); 166: 436-445.

Abdallah H, Faye B. Typology of camel farming system in Saudi Arabia. Emirates Journal of Food and Agriculture, (2013); 25(4): 250-260.

Faye B. Camel farming sustainability: the challenges of the camel farming system in the XXIth century. Journal of Sustainable Development, (2013); 6: 75-82.

Demirbas A, Kabli M, Alamoudi RH, Ahmad W, Basahel A. Renewable energy resource facilities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia: Prospects, social and political challenges. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, (2017); 12(1): 8-16.

Ouda OK, Raza SA, Nizami AS, Rehan M, Al-Waked R, Korres NE. Waste to energy potential: a case study of Saudi Arabia. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2016); 61: 328-340.

Akdeniz RC, Acaroglu M, Hepbasli A. Cotton stalk as a potential energy source. Energy Sources, (2004); 26(1): 65-75.

Balat M. Mechanisms of thermochemical biomass conversion processes. Part 1: reactions of pyrolysis. Energy Sources, Part A, (2008); 30(7): 620-635.

Irshad M, Eneji AE, Hussain Z, Ashraf M. Chemical characterization of fresh and composted livestock manures. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, (2013); 13(1): 115-121.

Arena U, Di Gregorio F. Gasification of a solid recovered fuel in a pilot scale fluidized bed reactor. Fuel, (2014); 117: 528-536.

Cantrell KB, Ducey T, Ro KS, Hunt PG. Livestock waste-to-bioenergy generation opportunities. Bioresource Technology, (2008); 99(17): 7941-7953.

Collard F-X, Blin J. A review on pyrolysis of biomass constituents: Mechanisms and composition of the products obtained from the conversion of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, (2014); 38: 594-608.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.