Antibacterial Evaluation of The Roots of Moroccan Aristolochia longa Against Referenced Gram-positive and Gram-negative Bacteria
Abstract
Background: Interest in medicinal plants has recently risen as a consequence of its therapeutic capabilities, which require further investigation. Aristolochia longa (A. longa) roots are commonly employed in traditional Moroccan medicine as an anticancer agent and against some cutaneous infections, but little is known about their antibacterial capabilities.
Methods: The disc-diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods were carried out to determine the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of A. longa roots against several reference bacterial strains.
Results: Both aqueous and methanolic extracts had antibacterial activity to varying degrees with the disc-diffusion assay, however the methanolic extract shown significant activity at a higher dosage (200 mg/ml). Escherichia coli (22.0 mm) was the most sensitive bacterium tested, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (16.0 mm) and Bacillus subtilis (12.0 mm). The bacteria with the lowest susceptibility were Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Micrococcus luteus, which all had a 10.0 mm zone of inhibition. The MIC values corroborated these observations, with E. coli MICs of 6.25±1.5 mg/ml, S. aureus MICs of 25±1.02 mg/ml, M. luteus MICs of 12.5±1.25 mg/ml, K. pneumonia MICs of 50.0±0.75 mg/ml, and B. subtilis MICs of 100±0.6 mg/ml, respectively. The findings of the methanolic extract were statistically significant and equivalent to those of the antibiotics studied.
Conclusion: Roots of A. longa have significant broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, notably in the methanolic extract, which validated their applications in Moroccan folkloric medicine to treat soft-tissue and skin infections.
Keywords: Aristolochia longa; Antibacterial activity; Aqueous extract; Methanolic extract; Disc-diffusion; Minimal inhibitory concentration
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Sargın SA, Akçicek E, Selvi S. An ethnobotanical study of medicinal plants used by the local people of Alaşehir (Manisa) in Turkey. Journal of ethnopharmacology, (2013); 150(3): 860-874.
ATEŞ DA, TURGAY Ö. Antimicrobial activities of various medicinal and commercial plant extracts. Turkish Journal of Biology, (2003); 27(3): 157-162.
Xavier-Júnior F, Silva K, Farias I, Morais A, Alencar E, et al. Prospective study for the development of emulsion systems containing natural oil products. Journal of drug delivery science and technology, (2012); 22(4): 367-372.
Yong J, Jie-ying S, Hong-ju F. Studies on Chemical Compositions of Volatile Oil from Seeds of Cuminum cyminum L. Journal of Integrative Plant Biology, (1990); 32(5).
Mosmann T. Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. Journal of immunological methods, (1983); 65(1-2): 55-63.
Denizot F, Lang R. Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival: modifications to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliability. Journal of immunological methods, (1986); 89(2): 271-277.
Doudach L, Meddah B, Alnamer R, Faouzi M, Chibani F, et al. In vitro antibacterial potential activity of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of corrigiola telephiifolia pourr. and mesembryanthemum nodiflorum. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, (2012); 2(5): 284-291.
Alnamer R, Alaoui K, Doudach L, Bouidida H, Chibani F, et al. Investigation of methanolic and aqueous extract of Lavandula officinalis for toxicity and antibacterial activity. WJPR, (2012); 5(1): 1-12.
Cordell GA. Changing strategies in natural products chemistry. Phytochemistry, (1995); 40(6): 1585-1612.
Bellakhdar J Pharmacopée marocaine traditionnelle. Chapter: Book Name. 1997 of publication; Ibis press.
González-Tejero M, Casares-Porcel M, Sánchez-Rojas C, Ramiro-Gutiérrez J, Molero-Mesa J, et al. Medicinal plants in the Mediterranean area: synthesis of the results of the project Rubia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (2008); 116(2): 341-357.
Saidi F, Cherif H, Metidji H, Rouibia A, Chaouia C, et al. Studies on the in vitro multiplication by direct organogenesis of a medicinal plant: Aristolochia longa L. Agricultura-Revistă de Scedilla˜ tiintcedilla˜ ă scedilla˜ i Practică Agricolă, (2009); (3/4): 53-65.
Yamani A, Bunel V, Antoine M-H, Husson C, Stévigny C, et al. Substitution between Aristolochia and Bryonia genus in North-Eastern Morocco: toxicological implications. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (2015); 166250-260.
Debelle FD, Nortier JL, De Prez EG, Garbar CH, Vienne AR, et al. Aristolochic acids induce chronic renal failure with interstitial fibrosis in salt-depleted rats. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology, (2002); 13(2):
-436.
BENZAKOUR G, BENKIRANE N, AMRANI M, OUDGHIRI M. Immunostimulatory potential of Aristolochia longa L. induced toxicity on liver, intestine and kidney in mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Sciences, (2011); 3(8): 214-222.
Bellakhdar J, Claisse R, Fleurentin J, Younos C. Repertory of standard herbal drugs in the Moroccan pharmacopoea. Journal of ethnopharmacology, (1991); 35(2): 123-143.
Merzouki A, Ed-Derfoufi F, El Aallali A, Molero-Mesa J. Wild medicinal plants used by local Bouhmed population (Morocco). Fitoterapia, (1997); 68(5): 444-460.
Benchaâbane A, Abbad A Les plantes médicinales commercialisées à Marrakech. Chapter: Book Name. 1997 of publication; Traces du présent.
Maire R. Flora of North of Africa. Biol Encyclopedia, Lechevalier, Paris, (1961); 7216-230.
Fennane M. Contribution à l’étude phytosociologique des tetraclinaies marocaines. Bulletin de l’Institut Scientifique, Rabat, (1986); (10): 57-78.
Zampini IC, Vattuone MA, Isla MI. Antibacterial activity of Zuccagnia punctata Cav. ethanolic extracts. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (2005); 102(3): 450-456.
Singh G, Kumar P. Antibacterial Potential of Alkaloids of Withania somnifera L. and Euphorbia hirta L. Int J Pharmacy Pharm Sci, (2012); 478-81.
Grare M, Fontanay S, Cornil C, Finance C, Duval RE. Tetrazolium salts for MIC determination in microplates: Why? Which salt to select? How? Journal of microbiological methods, (2008); 75(1): 156-159.
Andrew W. Manual of Food Quality Control 4. Rev. 1. Microbiological analysis. FAO of the United Nations. Rome. 1992. FAO food and nutrition paper, (1992); 14(4).
Abdallah EM. Plants: An alternative source for antimicrobials. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science, (2011); 1(6): 16-20.
Patel SB, Naikwade NS, Magdum CS. Review on Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Aspects of Euphorbia hirta Linn. Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Health Care, (2009); 1(1): 113-133.
Cherif H, Saidi F, Boutoumi H, Rouibi A, Chaouia C. Identification and characterization of some chemical compounds in Aristolochia longa L. Agricultura-Revistă de Scedilla˜ tiintcedilla˜ ă scedilla˜ i Practică Agricolă, (2009); (3/4): 76-82.
Cherif HS, Saidi F, Lazouri H, Aid K, Rouibi A, et al. Determination of the lipid compounds of Aristolochia Longa L. from Algeria. Bulletin UASMV Agriculture, (2009); 661.
Chen Y-y, Chiang S-y, Wu H-c, Kao S-t, Hsiang C-y, et al. Microarray analysis reveals the inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B signaling by aristolochic acid in normal human kidney (HK-2) cells. Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, (2010); 31(2): 227-236.
Navarro-García VM, Luna-Herrera J, Rojas-Bribiesca M, Álvarez-Fitz P, Ríos MY. Antibacterial activity of Aristolochia brevipes against multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Molecules, (2011); 16(9): 7357-7364.
Alviano WS, Alviano DS, Diniz CG, Antoniolli AR, Alviano CS, et al. In vitro antioxidant potential of medicinal plant extracts and their activities against oral bacteria based on Brazilian folk medicine. Archives of oral biology, (2008); 53(6): 545-552.
Camporese A, Balick M, Arvigo R, Esposito R, Morsellino N, et al. Screening of anti-bacterial activity of medicinal plants from Belize (Central America). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (2003); 87(1): 103-107.
Alnamer R, Alaoui K, Doudach L, Bouidida E, Chibani F, et al. In vitro antibacterial activity of Rosmarinus officinalis methanolic and aqueous extracts. International Journal of Pharmaceutics, (2013); 3(1): 1-6.
Angalaparameswari S, Mohamed Saleem T, Alagusundaram M, Ramkanth S, Thiruvengadarajan V, et al. Anti-microbial activity of aristolochic acid from root of Aristolochia bracteata Retz. World Acad Sci Eng Technol, (2011); 5(9).
Mekkaoui M, Assaggaf H, Qasem A, El-Shemi A, Abdallah EM, et al. Ethnopharmacological Survey and Comparative Study of the Healing Activity of Moroccan Thyme Honey and Its Mixture with Selected Essential Oils on Two Types of Wounds on Albino Rabbits. Foods, (2022); 11(1): 28.
Zhao W-H, Hu Z-Q, Okubo S, Hara Y, Shimamura T. Mechanism of synergy between epigallocatechin gallate and β-lactams against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy, (2001); 45(6): 1737-1742.
Bartha GS, Tóth G, Horváth P, Kiss E, Papp N, et al. Analysis of aristolochlic acids and evaluation of antibacterial activity of Aristolochia clematitis L. Biologia Futura, (2019); 70(4): 323-329.
Benarba B, Meddah B. Ethnobotanical study, antifungal activity, phytochemical screening and total phenolic content of Algerian Aristolochia longa. Journal of Intercultural Ethnopharmacology, (2014); 3(4): 150.
El Omari N, Akkaoui S, El Blidi O, Ghchime R, Bouyahya A, et al. HPLC-DAD/TOF-MS chemical compounds analysis and evaluation of antibacterial activity of Aristolochia longa root extracts. Natural Product Communications, (2020); 15(8): 1934578X20932753.
Abdallah EM, Mujawah AA, Al Mijalli SH. GC-MS and Antibacterial Potential of Methanolic Extract Hyphaene Thebaica L Fruit Pulp against Antibiotics-resistant Pathogens. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, (2021); 15(3): 1655-1665.
Meng J, Zhu Q, Tan R. New antimicrobial mono-and sesquiterpenes from Soroseris hookeriana subsp. erysimoides. Planta Medica, (2000); 66(06): 541-544.
Abdallah EM. Antibacterial efficiency of the Sudanese Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.), a famous beverage from Sudanese folk medicine. Journal of intercultural ethnopharmacology, (2016); 5(2): 186.
Srinivasan D, Nathan S, Suresh T, Perumalsamy PL. Antimicrobial activity of certain Indian medicinal plants used in folkloric medicine. Journal of ethnopharmacology, (2001); 74(3): 217-220.
Tomás-Barberán F, Iniesta-Sanmartín E, Tomás-Lorente F, Rumbero A. Antimicrobial phenolic compounds from three Spanish Helichrysum species. Phytochemistry, (1990); 29(4): 1093-1095.
Cosyns J-P. Aristolochic acid and ‘Chinese herbs nephropathy’. Drug safety, (2003); 26(1): 33-48.
Lee T-Y, Wu M-L, Deng J-F, Hwang D-F. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination for aristolochic acid in medicinal plants and slimming products. Journal of Chromatography B, (2002); 766(1): 169-174.
Schmeiser H, Schoepe K-B, Wiessler M. DNA adduct formation of aristolochic acid I and II in vitro and in vivo. Carcinogenesis, (1988); 9(2): 297-303.
Pfau W, Schmeiser HH, Wiessler M. Aristolochic acid binds covalently to the exocyclic amino group of purine nucleotides in DNA. Carcinogenesis, (1990); 11(2): 313-319.
Pfau W, Schmeiser HH, Wiessler M. N6-adenyl arylation of DNA by aristolochic acid II and a synthetic model for the putative proximate carcinogen. Chemical research in toxicology, (1991); 4(5): 581-586.
Li Y, Liu Z, Guo X, Shu J, Chen Z, et al. Aristolochic acid I-induced DNA damage and cell cycle arrest in renal tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Archives of toxicology, (2006); 80(8): 524-532.
Dey A, Hazra AK, Mukherjee A, Nandy S, Pandey DK. Chemotaxonomy of the ethnic antidote Aristolochia indica for aristolochic acid content: Implications of anti-phospholipase activity and genotoxicity study. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, (2021); 266113416.
Balachandran P, Wei F, Lin R-C, Khan IA, Pasco DS. Structure activity relationships of aristolochic acid analogues: toxicity in cultured renal epithelial cells. Kidney international, (2005); 67(5): 1797-1805.
Xian-Hua C, Yu-Zhe Z, Eun-Jeon P, Dong-Hwan S. Tanshinone II A Induces S Phase Cell-cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in Activation of R at Hepatic Stellate Cells in vitro. 춘계총회 및 학술대회, (2008); 8324-324.
Cheung TP, Xue C, Leung K, Chan K, Li CG. Aristolochic acids detected in some raw Chinese medicinal herbs and manufactured herbal products–a consequence of inappropriate nomenclature and imprecise labelling? Clinical Toxicology, (2006); 44(4): 371-378.
M’hamed Aneb AT, Bouyahya A, Boury HE, Amzazi S, Benjouad A, et al. In vitro cytotoxic effects and antibacterial activity of Moroccan medicinal plants Aristolochia longa and Lavandula multifida. (2016).
Dhouioui M, Boulila A, Chaabane H, Zina MS, Casabianca H. Seasonal changes in essential oil composition of Aristolochia longa L. ssp. paucinervis Batt.(Aristolochiaceae) roots and its antimicrobial activity. Industrial Crops and Products, (2016); 83301-306.
Latha S, Selvamani P, Dhivya P, Benaseer Begam R. A review on pharmacological activities of Aristolochia species. European journal of biomedical and pharmaceutical sciences, (2015); 2(5): 160-167.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.