Role of Inflammatory Markers in Pathogenesis of Animal Brucellosis and Their Potential to be used as Diagnostic Tool

Shafia Tehseen Gul, Muhammad Bilal, Arifa Mehreen, Aisha Khatoon, Bakhtawar Maqbool, Noreen Sarwar, Muhammad Imran Arshad, Ahrar Khan

Abstract


Animal brucellosis is a contagious and zoonotic disease prevalent in many countries particularly in developing nations where unhygienic practices are more common. It is caused by an intracellular bacterium; hence the incubation period is prolonged. Most animals show clinical symptoms in last trimester which leads to economic losses. Trade restrictions are another problem for the endemic regions. In terms of public health, carrier animals are the source of the diseases either through consumption of animal products (milk, meat etc.) and also through direct contact with animals. The clinical diseases can be diagnosed through various methods including culture, serology, ELISAs, PCR, qPCR etc. However, the sub-clinical cases are difficult to diagnose and remains a threat to other animals and humans. So in this article the literature has been thoroughly reviewed regarding inflammatory markers that have potential to be used as diagnostic tools in carrier/sub-clinical cases. Among these TNF-α, Interleukins, IFN-γ have been reported to be most widely used markers. Keywords:Brucellosis, Animal, Markers, TNF-α, Interleukins

Full Text:

PDF

References


Qureshi MHF, Azam F, Shafique M, Aslam B, Farooq M, et al. A one health perspective of pet birds bacterial zoonosis and prevention. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2024); 44(1): 1-8.

Zarlashat Y, Ambreen A, Zafar MZ, Mushtaq H, Munir B, et al. Effect of doxorubicin and paclitaxel on the selective oncogenes expression level of hepatocellular carcinoma RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathway in Huh-7 cell line. Agrobiological Records, (2024); 18: 1-11.

Mohammed A, Ahmed M, Osman Ahmed A, Yousof S, Hamad S, et al. Seroprevalence and risk factors of brucellosis in dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Sudan from 1980 to 2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Veterinary Quarterly, (2023); 43(1): 1-15.

Zhang Z, Zhang J, Li L, Guo Z, Zhang ZK, et al. Quantifying the effectiveness of brucellosis control strategies in northern China using a mechanistic and data-driven model. Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, (2024); 185: 114798.

González-Espinoza G, Arce-Gorvel V, Mémet S, Gorvel JP. Brucella: Reservoirs and niches in animals and humans. Pathogens, (2021); 10(2): 186.

Bilal M, Gul ST, Javed MT and Saqib M. Epidemiological investigations of bovine brucellosis and evaluation of loop mediated isothermal amplification assay for field application. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 2024; (3): 2023313.

Singh BB, Dhand NK, Gill JPS. Economic losses occurring due to brucellosis in Indian livestock populations. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, (2015); 119(3-4): 211-215.

El-Demerdash AS, Bakry NR, Aggour MG, Elmasry SS, Mowafy RE, et al. Bovine mastitis in Egypt: bacterial etiology and evaluation of diagnostic biomarkers. International Journal of Veterinary Science, (2023); 12(1): 60-69.

Ahmed EM, Naguib D, Mazeed AM, Ahmed AE, El-tarabili RM. Comparative diagnostic efficacy of commonly used serological assays for brucellosis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2023); 43(4): 665-670.

Karakurt E, Nuhoğlu H, Dağ S, Çelebi Ö, Büyük F, et al. Immunohistochemical investigation of TNF-α and IFN-γ expressions in sheep fetuses with brucellosis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2023); 43(1): 85-90.

Pascual DW, Goodwin ZI, Bhagyaraj E, Hoffman C, Yang X. Activation of mucosal immunity as a novel therapeutic strategy for combating brucellosis. Frontiers in Microbiology, (2022); 13: 1018165.

Rami D, Ylli A, Pipero P, Ramosaco E, Harxhi A. Clinical Course and Treatment of Human Brucellosis in a Sample of Hospitalized Cases in Albania. European Journal of Natural Sciences and Medicine, (2023); 6(1): 65-74.

Macedo AA, Silva AP, Mol JP, Costa LF, Garcia LN, et al. The abcEDCBA-encoded ABC transporter and the virB operon-encoded type IV secretion system of Brucella ovis are critical for intracellular trafficking and survival in ovine monocyte-derived macrophages. PLoS One, (2015); 10(9): e0138131.

Grilló MJ, Blasco JM, Gorvel JP, Moriyón I, Moreno E. What have we learned from brucellosis in the mouse model? Veterinary Research, (2012); 43: 1-35.

Priyanka, Shringi BN, Choudhary OP, Kashyap SK. Cytokines in brucellosis: biological rhythm at the interface of innate and adaptive immunity. Biological Rhythm Research, (2021); 52(7): 1031-1043.

Li Z, Wang XM, Zhu X, Wang M, Cheng H, et al. Molecular characteristics of Brucella isolates collected from humans in Hainan Province, China. Frontiers in Microbiology, (2020); 11: 452.

Skyberg JA, Thornburg T, Kochetkova I, Layton W, Callis G, et al. IFN-γ-deficient mice develop IL-1-dependent cutaneous and musculoskeletal inflammation during experimental brucellosis. Journal of Leukocyte Biology, (2012); 92(2): 375-387.

Ruiz-Alcaraz AJ, Carmona-Martínez V, Tristán-Manzano M, Machado-Linde F, Sánchez-Ferrer ML, et al. Characterization of human peritoneal monocyte/macrophage subsets in homeostasis: phenotype, GATA6, phagocytic/oxidative activities and cytokines expression. Scientific Reports, (2018); 8(1): 12794.

Yin Y, Fang T, Lian Z, Zuo D, Hu H, et al. Erythronate utilization activates VdtR regulating its metabolism to promote Brucella proliferation, inducing abortion in mice. Microbiology Spectrum, (2023); 11(5): e02074-23.

Kenney AD, Dowdle JA, Bozzacco L, McMichael TM, St. Gelais C, et al. Human genetic determinants of viral diseases. Annual Review of Genetics, (2017); 51: 241-263.

Afzal Z, Javed MT, Mohsin M, Ahmad HMW, Saeed Z, et al. The usefulness of glutaraldehyde coagulation test as a conjuncture test in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in humans and animals. Agrobiological Records, (2024); 15: 34-40.

Zafari P, Zarifian A, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Taghadosi M, Rafiei A. Association between polymorphisms of cytokine genes and brucellosis: A comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis. Cytokine, (2020); 127: 154949.

Hossam Eldin A, Abdou SA, Farid A, Fararah KM. Clinicopathological and immunological studies on brucellosis. Benha Veterinary Medical Journal, (2021); 40(1): 36-39.

Davies KJ. Adaptive homeostasis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, (2016); 49: 1-7.

Ashley NT, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ. Inflammation: mechanisms, costs, and natural variation. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics, (2012); 43: 385-406.

Karimy JK, Reeves BC, Damisah E, Duy PQ, Antwi P, et al. Inflammation in acquired hydrocephalus: pathogenic mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Nature Reviews Neurology, (2020); 6(5): 285-296.

Jain S, Gautam V, Naseem S. Acute-phase proteins: As diagnostic tool. Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences, (2011); 3(1): 118-124.

Gelain ME, Bonsembiante F. Acute phase proteins in marine mammals: state of art, perspectives and challenges. Frontiers in Immunology, (2019); 10: 1220.

Hastings KL, Green MD, Gao B, Ganey PE, Roth RA, et al. Beyond metabolism: role of the immune system in hepatic toxicity. International Journal of Toxicology, (2020); 39(2): 151-64.

Bode JG, Albrecht U, Häussinger D, Heinrich PC, Schaper F. Hepatic acute phase proteins–regulation by IL-6-and IL-1-type cytokines involving STAT3 and its crosstalk with NF-κB-dependent signaling. European Journal of Cell Biology, (2012); 91(6-7): 496-505.

Zhang G, Jiang H, Zhang G, Li P, Feng Y, et al. Strain-level identification of Brucella melitensis reference strain 63/9 using multiplex PCR method by targeting BMEA_B0162 and BMEA_A1238. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2024); 44(1): 183-189.

Abdulkhaleq LA, Assi MA, Abdullah R, Zamri-Saad M, Taufiq-Yap YH, et al. The crucial roles of inflammatory mediators in inflammation: A review. Veterinary World, (2018) May; 11(5): 627-635.

Gizinger O, Radzinskiy V, Sorokin Y, Sachivkina N, Letifov G, et al. The effects of interleukin-2 substances (glutamate, glycine, arginine) on biofilm formation in multidrug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli in women with previous reproductive losses. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, (2024); 13(4): 753-762.

Petersen H, Nielsen J, Heegaard PM. Application of acute phase protein measurements in veterinary clinical chemistry. Veterinary Research, (2004); 35(2): 163-187.

Gul ST, Mahmood S, Bilal M, Saleemi MK, Imran M, et al. Acute phase proteins as biomarkers in perspective to animal diseases diagnosis. Agrobiological Records, (2022); 9: 45-57.

di Masi A, De Simone G, Ciaccio C, D’Orso S, Coletta M, et al. Haptoglobin: From hemoglobin scavenging to human health. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, (2020): 73: 100851.

Takahashi E, Kuwayama H, Kawamoto K, Matsui T, Inokuma H. Detection of serum amyloid A isoforms in cattle. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 2009; (6): 874-877.

Szarková A, Tóthová C, Weissová T, Lukáč B, Turňa H, et al. Evaluation of acute phase proteins in dogs suffering from various diseases. International Journal of Veterinary Science, (2023); 12(1): 82-88.

Tharwat M, Alkhedhairi S, Saadeldin IM, Gomaa N, 2024. Metabolic and hematological biomarkers alterations during the transition period in healthy farm animals: A review. International Journal of Veterinary Science, (2024); 13(6): 962-969.

Valore EV, Ganz T. Posttranslational processing of hepcidin in human hepatocytes is mediated by the prohormone convertase furin. Blood Cells, Molecules, and Diseases, (2008); 40(1): 132-138.

Pandur E, Nagy J, Poor VS, Sarnyai A, Huszár A, et al. α‐1 Antitrypsin binds preprohepcidin intracellularly and prohepcidin in the serum. The FEBS Journal, (2009); 276(7): 2012-2021.

Gulec S, Anderson GJ, Collins JF. Mechanistic and regulatory aspects of intestinal iron absorption. American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology, (2014); 307(4): G397-409.

Hayajneh FMF, Ahmed Z, Khatoon A, Saleemi MK, Arshad MI, et al. Epidemiological investigations of Mycoplasma bovis-associated mastitis in dairy animals along with analysis of interleukin-6 (IL-6) as a potential diagnostic marker. International Journal of Veterinary Science, (2024); 13(1): 120-126.

Li LM, Xiang WT, Li T, Xiang MM, Liu F, et al. Efficacy of Brucella Vaccines in Sheep: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis. Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, (2024); 2024(1): 5524768.

Gånheim C, Alenius S, Waller KP. Acute phase proteins as indicators of calf herd health. The Veterinary Journal, (2007); 173(3): 645-651.

Joshi V, Gupta VK, Bhanuprakash AG, Mandal RS, Dimri U, et al. Haptoglobin and serum amyloid A as putative biomarker candidates of naturally occurring bovine respiratory disease in dairy calves. Microbial Pathogenesis, (2018); 116: 33-37.

Velissaris D, Pantzaris ND, Bountouris P, Gogos C. Correlation between neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and severity scores in septic patients upon hospital admission. A series of 50 patients. Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine, (2018); 56(3): 153-157.

Tóthová C, Nagy O, Seide H, Kovác G. The effect of chronic respiratory diseases on acute phase proteins and selected blood parameters of protein metabolism in calves. Berliner und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, (2010): 123: 307-313.

Tóthová C, Nagy O, Kováč G. The serum protein electrophoretic pattern and acute phase proteins concentrations in calves with chronic respiratory diseases. Acta Veterinaria, (2013); 63(5-6): 473-486.

Huzzey JM, Duffield TF, LeBlanc SJ, Veira DM, Weary DM, et al. Haptoglobin as an early indicator of metritis. Journal of Dairy Science, (2009): 92(2): 621-625.

Schneider A, Corrêa MN, Butler WR. Acute phase proteins in Holstein cows diagnosed with uterine infection. Research in Veterinary Science, (2013); 95(1): 269-271.

Schaefer AL, Cook N, Tessaro SV, Deregt D, Desroches G, et al. Early detection and prediction of infection using infrared thermography. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, (2004); 84(1): 73-80.

Berry BA, Confer AW, Krehbiel CR, Gill DR, Smith RA, et al. Effects of dietary energy and starch concentrations for newly received feedlot calves: II. Acute-phase protein response. Journal of Animal Science, (2004); 82(3): 845-850.

Ospanov Y, Arysbekova A, Kaiyrbek A, Kirpichenko V, Karabassova A, 2024. Determination of risks of occurrence and areas of brucellosis infection spread in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. International Journal of Veterinary Science, (2024); 13(6): 908-913.

Kumar N, Ganguly I, Singh R, Deb SM, Kumar S, et al. DNA polymorphism in SLC11A1 gene and its association with brucellosis resistance in Indian zebu (Bos indicus) and crossbred (Bos indicus× Bos taurus) Cattle. Asian-Australasian journal of Animal Sciences, (2011); 24(7): 898–904.

Alton GG, Corner LA, Plackett P. Vaccination of pregnant cows with low doses of Brucella abortus strain 19 vaccine. Australian Veterinary Journal, (1980); 56(8): 369-372.

Gul ST, Khan A, Rizvi F, Hussain I. Sero-prevalence of brucellosis in food animals in the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2014); 34(4): 454-458.

Gul ST, Khan A, Ahmad M, Rizvi F, Shahzad A, et al. Epidemiology of brucellosis at different livestock farms in the Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2014); 35(3): 309-314.

Mitiku W, Desa G. Review of bovine brucellosis and its public health significance. Healthcare Review, (2020); 1(2): 16-33.

Getachew S, Kumsa B, Getachew Y, Kinfu G, Gumi B, et al. Seroprevalence of Brucella infection in cattle and small ruminants in South Omo zone, southern Ethiopia. Ethiopian Veterinary Journal, (2023); 27(2): 125-144.

Akhter L, Islam MA, Das S, Khatun MM. Seroprevalence of brucellosis and its associated risk factors in sheep and goat in the farms and slaughter house in Mymensingh, Bangladesh. Microbes and Health, (2014); 3(1): 25-28.

Khan AU, Sayour AE, Melzer F, El-Soally SA, Elschner MC, et al. Seroprevalence and molecular identification of Brucella in camels in Egypt. Microorganisms, (2020); 8(7): 1035.

Hosseini SM, Abbasalipourkabir R, Jalilian FA, Asl SS, Farmani A, et al. Serum level of vitamin D, CRP and biochemical parameter in acute and chronic brucellosis treated with doxycycline-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles. Gene Reports, (2020); 21: 100940.

Xu N, Wang W, Chen F, Li W, Wang G. ELISA is superior to bacterial culture and agglutination test in the diagnosis of brucellosis in an endemic area in China. BMC Infectious Diseases, (2020); 20: 1-7.

Ran XuHua RX, Cheng JiaJia CJ, Wang MiaoMiao WM, Chen XiaoHong CX, Wang HaoXian WH, et al. Brucellosis seroprevalence in dairy cattle in China during 2008-2018: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Tropica, (2018); 189: 117-123.

Bricker BJ, Halling SM. Differentiation of Brucella abortus 1, 2, and 4, Brucella melitensis, Brucella ovis, and Brucella suis bv. 1 by PCR. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, (1994); 32(11): 2660-2666.

García-Yoldi D, Marín CM, de Miguel MJ, Muñoz PM, Vizmanos JL, et al. Multiplex PCR assay for the identification and differentiation of all Brucella species and the vaccine strains Brucella abortus S19 and RB51 and Brucella melitensis Rev1. Clinical Chemistry, (2006); 52(4): 779-781.

Shafiq A, Aftab M, Nadeem A, Rasheed MS, Awan I, et al. Impact of Fusobacterium nucleatum infection on ferroptosis suppression, oxidative stress, and prognostic outcomes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Agrobiological Records, (2024); 18: 96-104.

Johansen TB, Scheffer L, Jensen VK, Bohlin J, Feruglio SL. Whole-genome sequencing and antimicrobial resistance in Brucella melitensis from a Norwegian perspective. Scientific Reports, (2018); 8(1): 1-9.

Ledwaba MB, Glover BA, Matle I, Profiti G, Martelli PL, et al. Whole genome sequence analysis of Brucella abortus isolates from various regions of South Africa. Microorganisms, (2021); 9(3): 570.

Vizcaíno N, Pérez-Etayo L, Conde-Álvarez R, Iriarte M, Moriyón I, et al. Disruption of pyruvate phosphate dikinase in Brucella ovis PA CO 2-dependent and independent strains generates attenuation in the mouse model. Veterinary Research, (2020); 51(1): 1-10.

Meçaj R, Muça G, Koleci X, Sulçe M, Turmalaj L, et al. Bovine environmental mastitis and their control: an overview. International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences, (2023); 12(4): 216-221.

Khan AU, Melzer F, Sayour AE, Shell WS, Linde J, et al. Whole-genome sequencing for tracing the genetic diversity of Brucella abortus and Brucella melitensis isolated from livestock in Egypt. Pathogens, (2021); 10(6): 759.

Ma HR, Xu HJ, Wang X, Bu ZY, Yao T, et al. Molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of human Brucella in Northeast China. Frontiers in Microbiology, (2023); 14: 1137932.

Lai S, Zhou H, Xiong W, Gilbert M, Huang Z, et al. Changing epidemiology of human brucellosis, China, 1955–2014. Emerging Infectious Diseases, (2017); 23(2): 184.

Yagupsky P, Morata P, Colmenero JD. Laboratory diagnosis of human brucellosis. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, (2019); 33(1): 10-128.

Tumer KC, Dincer PFP, Babacan S, Yerlikaya Z. Urinary Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin, Cystatin C and Clusterin as Biomarkers for Acute Kidney Injury in Cattle with Tropical Theileriosis. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, (2023); 43(2): 345-350.

Zhang N, Huang D, Wu W, Liu J, Liang F, et al. Animal brucellosis control or eradication programs worldwide: a systematic review of experiences and lessons learned. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, (2018); 160: 105-115.

Orrù L, Lamontanara A, Mascolo C, Borriello G, Paradiso R, et al. Genetic diversity of Brucella abortus strains from cattle and water buffalo in the Italian province of Caserta. Veterinary Microbiology, (2024); 299: 110314.

Andrade RS, Oliveira MM, Bueno Filho JSS, Ferreira F, Godfroid J, et al. Accuracy of serological tests for bovine brucellosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, (2024); 222: 106079.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.62940/als.v13i1.3515

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.