Dry sockets – a systemic review
Abstract
This is a systematic review, which shows a compendious review about the aetiology, prevention and treatment of Alveolar Osteitis. After tooth extraction the most common postoperative complication is dry socket. In oral surgery it is very essential to know about the pathophysiology aetiology, prevention and treatment of dry socket. The main purpose of this review article is to provide enough knowledge about the processes that are involved in the clinical management of dry socket. This article shows certain risk factors involved in the incidence of dry socket. surgical trauma, lack of operator experience, mandibular third molars, oral contraceptives, menstrual cycles, smoking, bacterial infections, excessive irrigation, age, bone fragments, local anaesthetics, we will discuss all of these factors which are involved in the incidence of alveolar osteitis in this article. Furthermore, some prevention methods have also been discovered which can be applied to prevent from the incidence of dry socket. Certain treatment methods have also been identified and the have played the vital role in treating the dry socket disease, this article also shows the relation between the Fibrinolysis and the occurrence of dry socket. Various treatment methods, which involve the use of antibiotics, chlorhexidine (as preventive measure also), steroids, anti-fibrinolytics, low-level laser therapy, have been identified which play a vital role in the treatment of dry socket disease.
Keywords: Dry Socket; Joints; Anti-fibrinolytics; Review; Chlorhexidine
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Van der Weijden F, Dell'Acqua F, Slot DE. Alveolar bone dimensional changes of post‐extraction sockets in humans: a systematic review. Journal of clinical periodontology, (2009); 36(12): 1048-1058.
Cardoso CL, Rodrigues MTV, Júnior OF, Garlet GP, de Carvalho PSP. Clinical concepts of dry socket. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2010); 68(8): 1922-1932.
Younis MHA, Ra'ed O. Dry socket: frequency, clinical picture, and risk factors in a palestinian dental teaching center. The open dentistry journal, (2011); 57.
Iwabuchi H, Imai Y, Asanami S, Shirakawa M, Yamane G-y, et al. Evaluation of postextraction bleeding incidence to compare patients receiving and not receiving warfarin therapy: a cross-sectional, multicentre, observational study. BMJ open, (2014); 4(12): e005777.
Gwinnutt M, Gwinnutt CL Clinical anaesthesia. 2016; John Wiley & Sons.
Ortmann E, Besser M, Klein A. Antifibrinolytic agents in current anaesthetic practice. British journal of anaesthesia, (2013); 111(4): 549-563.
Kolokythas A, Olech E, Miloro M. Alveolar osteitis: a comprehensive review of concepts and controversies. International journal of dentistry, (2010); 2010.
Taberner-Vallverdú M, Nazir M, Sánchez-Garcés MÁ, Gay-Escoda C. Efficacy of different methods used for dry socket management: A systematic review. Medicina oral, patologia oral y cirugia bucal, (2015); 20(5): e633.
Yeung CA, Tsang T, Yau P, Kwok T. Human papillomavirus type 16 E6 induces cervical cancer cell migration through the p53/microRNA-23b/urokinase-type plasminogen activator pathway. Oncogene, (2011); 30(21): 2401.
Gemin M. A Potential Role for Sortilin in Lp (a) and Apo (a) Metabolism. (2018). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 5937. https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/5937
Preetha S. An overview of dry socket and Its management. IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, (2014); 13(5): 2.
Puidokas T, Kubilius M, Nomeika D, Januzis G, Skrodeniene E. Comparative Analysis of Blood Clot, Plasma Rich in Growth Factors and Platelet-Rich Fibrin Resistance to Bacteria-Induced Fibrinolysis. Microorganisms, (2019); 7(9): 328.
Hasumi K, Yamamichi S, Harada T. Small‐molecule modulators of zymogen activation in the fibrinolytic and coagulation systems. The FEBS journal, (2010); 277(18): 3675-3687.
Barman SP (2011) Compositions and methods to prevent and treat dry socket post-operatively after tooth extraction surgery. Google Patents.
Matsuo K, Akasaki Y, Adachi K, Zhang M, Ishikawa A, et al. Promoting effects of thymosin β4 on granulation tissue and new bone formation after tooth extraction in rats. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, (2012); 114(1): 17-26.
Anitua E, Cugat R, Sánchez M. Platelet Rich Plasma in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine. (2018): Springer.
Klingberg E, Nurkkala M, Carlsten H, Forsblad-d’Elia H. Biomarkers of bone metabolism in ankylosing spondylitis in relation to osteoproliferation and osteoporosis. The Journal of rheumatology, (2014);
(7): 1349-1356.
Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth. (2018); John Wiley & Sons.
Khiyavi R, Barghi V, Yazdani J, Ghavimi MA, Khiyavi SG, et al. Effect of Biotene mouth wash on prevention of alveolar osteitis after extraction of permanent mandibular first molar teeth. Elixir Hum Physiol, (2012); 478672-8674.
HABERLAND GL. FUNCTIONS OF THE KALLIKREIN-KININ SYSTEM OUTSIDE THE CLOTTING CASCADE; 2014. Elsevier. pp. 205.
Erdös EG, Wilde AF Bradykinin, kallidin and kallikrein. Chapter: Book Name. 2013 of publication; Springer Science & Business Media.
Anand K, PAtro S, MohAPAtrA A, MiShrA S. The efficacy of Tranexamic acid in the reduction of incidence of dry socket: an Institutional double blind study. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, (2015); 9(9): ZC25.
Veale B. Alveolar osteitis: a critical review of the aetiology and management. Oral Surgery, (2015); 8(2): 68-77.
Emmi G, Silvestri E, Squatrito D, Amedei A, Niccolai E, et al. Thrombosis in vasculitis: from pathogenesis to treatment. Thrombosis Journal, (2015); 13(1): 15.
Dashper S, Seers C, Tan K, Reynolds E. Virulence factors of the oral spirochete Treponema denticola. Journal of dental research, (2011); 90(6): 691-703.
Haraji A, Rakhshan V. Single-dose intra-alveolar chlorhexidine gel application, easier surgeries, and younger ages are associated with reduced dry socket risk. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2014); 72(2): 259-265.
Eshghpour M, Nejat A. Dry socket following surgical removal of impacted third molar in an Iranian population: Incidence and risk factors. Nigerian journal of clinical practice, (2013); 16(4).
Khitab U, Khan A, Shah SM. Clinical characteristics and treatment of dry socket-A Study. Pakistan oral & dental journal, (2012); 32(2): 206-209.
Saxton A, Velanovich V. Preoperative frailty and quality of life as predictors of postoperative complications. Annals of surgery, (2011); 253(6): 1223-1229.
Sahin E, DePinho RA. Linking functional decline of telomeres, mitochondria and stem cells during ageing. nature, (2010); 464(7288): 520.
Majumdar R, Tameh AT, Parent CA. Exosomes mediate LTB4 release during neutrophil chemotaxis. PLoS biology, (2016); 14(1): e1002336.
Guo Sa, DiPietro LA. Factors affecting wound healing. Journal of dental research, (2010); 89(3): 219-229.
Al–Mahozi S, Salim Z, Malden NJ, Scully C, Lopes V. Tobacco habit-associated oral disease and the negative effects on surgical outcomes. Dental Update, (2017); 44(11): 1065-1070.
Eshghpour M, Danaeifar N, Kermani H, Nejat AH. Does intra-alveolar application of chlorhexidine gel in combination with platelet-rich fibrin have an advantage over application of platelet-rich fibrin in decreasing alveolar osteitis after mandibular third molar surgery? A double-blinded randomized clinical trial. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2018); 76(5): 939. e931-939. e937.
Marynak KL, Gammon DG, Rogers T, Coats EM, Singh T, et al. Sales of nicotine-containing electronic cigarette products: United States, 2015. American journal of public health, (2017); 107(5): 702-705.
Davies CS, Ismail A. Nicotine has deleterious effects on wound healing through increased vasoconstriction. Bmj, (2016); 353i2709.
Haraji A, Rakhshan V. Chlorhexidine gel and less difficult surgeries might reduce post‐operative pain, controlling for dry socket, infection and analgesic consumption: a split‐mouth controlled randomised clinical trial. Journal of oral rehabilitation, (2015); 42(3): 209-219.
Smith JA (2018) Peri-Operative Infection Control in Maxillofacial Surgery. Perioperative Assessment of the Maxillofacial Surgery Patient: Springer. pp. 129-144.
Magraw CB, Golden B, Phillips C, Tang DT, Munson J, et al. Pain with pericoronitis affects quality of life. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2015); 73(1): 7-12.
Singh P, Nath P, Bindra S, Rao SS, Reddy KR. The predictivity of mandibular third molar position as a risk indicator for pericoronitis: A prospective study. National journal of maxillofacial surgery, (2018); 9(2): 215.
Błochowiak K, Aleksandrzak P, Kropielnicki K, Handschuh J, Pawlik P, et al. Extraction of asymptomatic impacted third molars–a review. (2019); European Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; 17 (1): 71–78.
Bauer M, Krüger R, Kölsch U, Unterwalder N, Meisel C, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis, immunoglobulin substitution and supportive measures prevent infections in MECP2 duplication syndrome. The Pediatric infectious disease journal, (2018); 37(5): 466-468.
Lim HW, Mahmod NI, Zaki FHA, Tan FY, Balasundram S, et al. Wisdom Tooth Surgery Complications—Local Anaesthesia versus General Anaesthesia. Open Journal of Stomatology, (2019); 9(03): 51.
Marques-Ferreira M, Carrilho E, Paulo S, Carrilho T, Figueiredo JP, et al. Anaesthesia in dental medicine with local infiltrative anaesthetic technique versus diploe anaesthesia delivery systems: efficacy and behaviour, an experimental study. Acta medica portuguesa, (2017); 30(12): 848-853.
Rakhshan V. Common risk factors of dry socket (alveolitis osteitis) following dental extraction: A brief narrative review. Journal of stomatology, oral and maxillofacial surgery, (2018); 119(5): 407-411.
do Nascimento Poubel VL, Silva CAB, Mezzomo LAM, Canto GDL, Rivero ERC. The risk of osteonecrosis on alveolar healing after tooth extraction and systemic administration of antiresorptive drugs in rodents: a systematic review. Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, (2018); 46(2): 245-256.
PRIYATHAM S, NUVVULA S. INTRAORAL TOPICAL ANAESTHESIA IN PEDIATRIC DENTISTRY. Int J Pharm Bio Sci, (2016); 7(4): 346-353.
Mittal R, Debs LH, Patel AP, Nguyen D, Patel K, et al. Neurotransmitters: The critical modulators regulating gut–brain axis. Journal of cellular physiology, (2017); 232(9): 2359-2372.
Keihanian F, Saeidinia A, Bagheri RK, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. Curcumin, hemostasis, thrombosis, and coagulation. Journal of cellular physiology, (2018); 233(6): 4497-4511.
Elo JA, Sun H-HB, Dong F, Tandon R, Singh HM. Novel incision design and primary flap closure reduces the incidence of alveolar osteitis and infection in impacted mandibular third molar surgery. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, (2016); 122(2): 124-133.
Bataineh AB, Ra’ad AB. The effect of modified surgical flap design for removal of lower third molars on lingual nerve injury. Clinical oral investigations, (2017); 21(6): 2091-2099.
Sykes LM, Herbst D, Dullabh H, Fernandes N. Comparison of alveolar osteitis with post implant removal osteitis (Can a" dry socket" occur after implant removal?). South African Dental Journal, (2017); 72(6): 278-281.
Mudali V, Mahomed O. Incidence and predisposing factors for dry socket following extraction of permanent teeth at a regional hospital in Kwa-Zulu Natal. South African Dental Journal, (2016); 71(4): 166-169.
Daugela P, Grimuta V, Sakavicius D, Jonaitis J, Juodzbalys G. Influence of leukocyte-and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) on the outcomes of impacted mandibular third molar removal surgery: A split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Quintessence International, (2018); 49(5):377-388. doi: 10.3290/j.qi.a40113.
Mamoun J. Dry socket etiology, diagnosis, and clinical treatment techniques. Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, (2018); 44(2): 52-58.
Al‐Nuaimi N, Patel S, Foschi F, Mannocci F. The detection of simulated periapical lesions in human dry mandibles with cone‐beam computed tomography: a dose reduction study. International endodontic journal, (2016); 49(11): 1095-1104.
Choung H-W, Lee S-H, Ham AR, Lee NR, Kim B, et al. Effectiveness of Low-Level Laser Therapy with a 915 Nm Wavelength Diode Laser on the Healing of Intraoral Mucosal Wound: An Animal Study and a Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. Medicina, (2019); 55(8): 405.
Klug A, Wincheringer D, Harth J, Schmidt-Horlohé K, Hoffmann R, et al. Complications after surgical treatment of proximal humerus fractures in the elderly—an analysis of complication patterns and risk factors for reverse shoulder arthroplasty and angular-stable plating. Journal of shoulder and elbow surgery, (2019); Sep;28(9):1674-1684. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2019.02.017.
Barone A, Toti P, Marconcini S, Derchi G, Saverio M, et al. Esthetic Outcome of Implants Placed in Fresh Extraction Sockets by Clinicians with or without Experience: A Medium-Term Retrospective Evaluation. International Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Implants, (2016); 31(6): 35-41.
Khan MA, Ahmad T, Khadija SH. Frequency of dry socket, pain, wound dehiscence and swelling one week after removal of mandibular third molar impaction. Journl of Khyber College of Dentistry, (2015); 5(2): 20-23.
Yüce E, Kömerik N. Potential effects of advanced platelet rich fibrin as a wound-healing accelerator in the management of alveolar osteitis: A randomized clinical trial. Nigerian journal of clinical practice, (2019); 22(9): 1189.
Tarakji B, Saleh LA, Umair A, Azzeghaiby SN, Hanouneh S. Systemic review of dry socket: aetiology, treatment, and prevention. Journal of clinical and diagnostic research: JCDR, (2015); 9(4): ZE10.
Aguilar-Durán L, Figueiredo R, Seminago R, Roig FJ, Llorens C, et al. A metagenomic study of patients with alveolar osteitis after tooth extraction. A preliminary case-control study. Clinical oral investigations, (2019); 1-10.
Krishnan K, Chen T, Paster B. A practical guide to the oral microbiome and its relation to health and disease. Oral diseases, (2017); 23(3): 276-286.
Scasso F, Ferrari G, DE GV, Arosio A, Bottero S, et al. Emerging and re-emerging infectious disease in otorhinolaryngology. Acta otorhinolaryngologica Italica: organo ufficiale della Societa italiana di otorinolaringologia e chirurgia cervico-facciale, (2018); 38(SUPPL. 1): S1-S106.
Vakil N, Singh A, Sadiq H. COMPARATIVE STUDY OF USEFULNESS OF ALVOGYL AND ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL AFTER SALINE IRRIGATION FOR MANAGEMENT OF DRY SOCKET. Paripex-Indian Journal Of Research, (2019); 8(5): 166-167.
Goldblatt LI, Adams WR, Spolnik KJ, Deardorf KA, Parks ET. Chronic fibrosing osteomyelitis of the jaws: an important cause of recalcitrant facial pain. A clinicopathologic study of 331 cases in 227 patients. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, (2017); 124(4): 403-412. e403.
Mahmoud M, Gutknecht N, AlNaggar A, de Cara SPHM, Marques MM. The effect of photobiomodulation therapy in the management of alveolar osteitis after tooth extraction: a scoping review. Lasers in Dental Science, (2019); 3(1): 11-20.
Pippi R. Post-surgical clinical monitoring of soft tissue wound healing in periodontal and implant surgery. International journal of medical sciences, (2017); 14(8): 721.
Flanagan D, Mancini M. Bimaxillary full arch fixed dental implant supported treatment for a patient with renal failure and secondary hyperparathyroidism and osteodystrophy. Journal of Oral Implantology, (2015); 41(2): e36-e43.
Wayland J. Impacted Third Molars. (2018); Wiley Online Library.
Ghaeminia H, Hoppenreijs TJ, Xi T, Fennis J, Maal T, et al. Postoperative socket irrigation with drinking tap water reduces the risk of inflammatory complications following surgical removal of third molars: a multicenter randomized trial. Clinical oral investigations, (2017); 21(1): 71-83.
Chenicheri S, Usha R, Ramachandran R, Thomas V, Wood A. Insight into oral biofilm: primary, secondary and residual caries and phyto-challenged solutions. The open dentistry journal, (2017); 11312.
Martin-Thomé H, Bourdin D, Strube N, Saffarzadeh A, Morlock J-F, et al. Clinical Safety of a New Synthetic Resorbable Dental Membrane: A Case Series Study. Journal of Oral Implantology, (2018); 44(2): 138-145.
Sharon E, Polak D, Sharon S, Beyth N. Wound Dressing in the Oral Cavity. In: . Recent Clinical Techniques, Results, and Research in Wounds. (2017). Springer. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/15695_2017_5.
Ezhil I, Kumar M. Recent advances in the management of dry socket-A review. Drug Invention Today, (2018); 10(4): 450-455.
Tuk JG, Lindeboom JA, Sana F, van Wijk AJ, Milstein DM. Alveolar Iodine Tampon Packing Reduces Postoperative Morbidity After Third Molar Surgery. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2019): Article in Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2019.06.175.
Sidana S, Mistry Y, Gandevivala A, Motwani N. Evaluation of the need for antibiotic prophylaxis during routine intra-alveolar dental extractions in healthy patients: a randomized double-blind controlled trial. Journal of Evidence Based Dental Practice, (2017); 17(3): 184-189.
Kumar R, Verma N. A COMPARATIVE STUDY IN TREATMENT OF DRY SOCKET ZINC OXIDE AND EUGENOL VS ALVOGYL. Paripex-Indian Journal Of Research, (2019); 8(2): 125-129.
Febbo A, Cheng A, Stein B, Goss A, Sambrook P. Postoperative bleeding following dental extractions in patients anticoagulated with warfarin. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, (2016); 74(8): 1518-1523.
Yan Z, Ni Y, Park JW, Will S, Loh H, et al. Microwave dressing of ultracold 23Na40K molecules. APS Division of Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics Meeting Abstracts. (2017).
Chakravarthi S. Platelet rich fibrin in the management of established dry socket. Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, (2017); 43(3): 160-165.
Anitua E, Muruzabal F, de la Fuente M, Merayo J, Durán J, et al. Plasma rich in growth factors for the treatment of ocular surface diseases. Current eye research, (2016); 41(7): 875-882.
Jepsen K, Jepsen S. Antibiotics/antimicrobials: systemic and local administration in the therapy of mild to moderately advanced periodontitis. Periodontology 2000, (2016); 71(1): 82-112.
Nagarajappa S, Bathija P, Mishra P, Bansal V, Gupta S, et al. ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY OF NEEM AND CLOVE EXTRACT AGAINST S. MUTANS AND C. ALBICANS-AN INVITRO STUDY. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research (2018); 7(5): 1484-93.
Cervino G, Cicciù M, Biondi A, Bocchieri S, Herford AS, et al. Antibiotic prophylaxis on third molar extraction: Systematic review of recent data. Antibiotics, (2019); 8(2): 53.
Kaur J, Raval R, Bansal A, Kumawat V. Repercussions of intraalveolar placement of combination of 0.2% chlorhexidine & 10 Mg metronidazole gel on the occurrence of dry sockets-A randomized control trial. Journal of clinical and experimental dentistry, (2017); 9(2): e284.
Sharma A, Aggarwal N, Rastogi S, Choudhury R, Tripathi S. Effectiveness of platelet-rich fibrin in the management of pain and delayed wound healing associated with established alveolar osteitis (dry socket). European journal of dentistry, (2017); 11(4): 508.
Sturrock A, Landes D, Robson T, Bird L, Ojelabi A, et al. An audit of antimicrobial prescribing by dental practitioners in the north east of England and Cumbria. BMC oral health, (2018); 18(1): 206.
Ramos E, Santamaria J, Santamaria G, Barbier L, Arteagoitia I. Do systemic antibiotics prevent dry socket and infection after third molar extraction? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, (2016); 122(4): 403-425.
Joshi CP, Dani NH, Khedkar SU. Alveolar ridge preservation using autogenous tooth graft versus beta-tricalcium phosphate alloplast: A randomized, controlled, prospective, clinical pilot study. Journal of Indian Society of Periodontology, (2016); 20(4): 429.
Saghiri MA, Asatourian A, Sheibani N. Angiogenesis and the prevention of alveolar osteitis: a review study. Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, (2018); 44(3): 93-102.
Sajjan P, Laxminarayan N, Kar PP, Sajjanar M. Chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry–a review. Oral Health Dent Manag, (2016); 15(2): 93-100.
Tasoulas J, Daskalopoulos A, Droukas C, Nonni A, Nikitakis NG. An unusual microscopic pattern of foreign body reaction as a complication of dry socket management. Oral surgery, oral medicine, oral pathology and oral radiology, (2018); 125(5): e118-e123.
Latta MA, Gross SM, McHale WA (2019) Buffered microencapsulated compositions and methods. Google Patents.
Catanzano O, D'Esposito V, Formisano P, Boateng JS, Quaglia F. Composite alginate-hyaluronan sponges for the delivery of tranexamic acid in postextractive alveolar wounds. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, (2018); 107(2): 654-661.
Longo M, Garcia VG, Ervolino E, Alves MLF, Duque C, et al. Multiple aPDT sessions on periodontitis in rats treated with chemotherapy: histomorphometrical, immunohistochemical, immunological and microbiological analyses. Photodiagnosis and photodynamic therapy, (2019); 2592-102.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.