Mitochondrial genetic characterization of Gujar population living in the Northwest areas of Pakistan

Inam Ullah, Habib Ahmad, Brian E Hemphill, Muhammad Shahid Nadeem, Muhammad Tariq, Sadia Tabassum

Abstract


Background: Diversity of communities with specific cultural, ethnic, lingual and geographical backgrounds makes Pakistani society a suitable study subject to unravel the early human migrations, evolutionary history of population having about 18 ethnic groups. Gujars are mostly Indic-speaking nomadic herders with the claims of multiple origins in the sub-continent. Present study was aimed at the determination of maternal lineage of Gujars by mitochondrial DNA analysis.

Methods: Total DNA from the human buccal cells was isolated using modified phenol chloroform method. Purified DNA was used for the PCR amplification of mitochondrial Hyper Variable Region 1 and 2 (HVR1 & 2). The nucleotide sequences of amplified PCR products were used to explore the maternal lineage of the Gujar population residing in Northern Pakistan.

Results: Haplotypes, allele frequencies and population data of the mitochondrial control region was determined in 73 unrelated individuals belonging to Gujar ethnic group of Northwest areas of Pakistan. Total 46 diverse haplotypes were identified out of which 29 were found unique with (0.9223) genetic diversity and (0.9097) power of discrimination. Haplogroup R was the most frequent (48%) followed by haplogroup M (45%) and N (7%).

Conclusion: We found that the Gujar population has multiple maternal gene pool comprising of South Asian, West Eurasian, East Eurasian, Southeast Asian and fractions of Eastern Asian, Eastern Europe and Northern Asian lineages. This study will contribute for the development of mitochondrial DNA database for Pakistani population.

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmad K, Hussain M, Ashraf M, Luqman M, Ashraf MY, et al. Indigenous vegetation of Soone Valley; At the risk of extinction. Pak J Bot, (2007); 39(3): 679-690.

Ayub Q, Tyler-Smith C. Genetic variation in South Asia: assessing the influences of geography, language and ethnicity for understanding history and disease risk. Briefings in functional genomics & proteomics, (2009); 8(5): 395-404.

Grimes BF. Ethnologue: languages of the world: 1992. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics. Inc

Grierson GA. 1903–1928. Linguistic Survey of India, Vols I-XI.: 1968. Calcutta[Reprint 1968, Delhi: Motilal Benarsidass]

Barth F. Ecologic relationships of ethnic groups in Swat, North Pakistan. American Anthropologist, (1956); 58(6): 1079-1089.

Rome S. Forestry in the princely state of Swat and Kalam (North-West Pakistan). 2005: pp. 1-125.

Ali I. Mapping and documentation of the cultural assets of Kaghan Valley, Mansehra. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, Islamabad, (2005); 5-6.

Chauhan RAH. A short history of the Gurjars: past and present/by Rana Ali Hasan Chauhan. (2001).

Nesheva D. Aspects of ancient mitochondrial DNA analysis in different populations for understanding human evolution. science, (2014); 1(5): 5-14.

Van Oven M, Kayser M. Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation. Human mutation, (2009); 30(2): E386-E394.

Akbar N, Ahmad H, Nadeem MS, Ali N, Saadiq M. An Efficient Procedure for DNA Isolation and Profiling of the Hyper Variable MtDNA Sequences. Journal of Life Sciences, (2015); 9530-534.

Fan L, Yao Y-G. MitoTool: a web server for the analysis and retrieval of human mitochondrial DNA sequence variations. Mitochondrion, (2011); 11(2): 351-356.

Kloss‐Brandstätter A, Pacher D, Schönherr S, Weissensteiner H, Binna R, et al. HaploGrep: a fast and reliable algorithm for automatic classification of mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. Human mutation, (2011); 32(1): 25-32.

Brandon MC, Ruiz‐Pesini E, Mishmar D, Procaccio V, Lott MT, et al. MITOMASTER: a bioinformatics tool for the analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences. Human mutation, (2009); 30(1): 1-6.

Behar DM, Villems R, Soodyall H, Blue-Smith J, Pereira L, et al. The dawn of human matrilineal diversity. The American Journal of Human Genetics, (2008); 82(5): 1130-1140.

Elmadawy MA, Nagai A, Gomaa GM, Hegazy HM, Shaaban FE, et al. Investigation of mtDNA control region sequences in an Egyptian population sample. Legal Medicine, (2013); 15(6): 338-341.

Metspalu M, Kivisild T, Metspalu E, Parik J, Hudjashov G, et al. Most of the extant mtDNA boundaries in south and southwest Asia were likely shaped during the initial settlement of Eurasia by anatomically modern humans. BMC genetics, (2004); 5(1): 26.

Oven M, Vermeulen M, Kayser M. Multiplex genotyping system for efficient inference of matrilineal genetic ancestry with continental resolution. Investigative Genetics, (2011); 2(6): 1-14.

Prieto L, Zimmermann B, Goios A, Rodriguez-Monge A, Paneto G, et al. The GHEP–EMPOP collaboration on mtDNA population data—A new resource for forensic casework. Forensic Science International: Genetics, (2011); 5(2): 146-151.

Tajima F. Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, (1989); 123(3): 585-595.

Andrews RM, Kubacka I, Chinnery PF, Lightowlers RN, Turnbull DM, et al. Reanalysis and revision of the Cambridge reference sequence for human mitochondrial DNA. Nature genetics, (1999); 23(2): 147-147.

Hayat S, Akhtar T, Siddiqi MH, Rakha A, Haider N, et al. Mitochondrial DNA control region sequences study in Saraiki population from Pakistan. Legal Medicine, (2015); 17(2): 140-144.

Quintana-Murci L, Chaix R, Wells RS, Behar DM, Sayar H, et al. Where west meets east: the complex mtDNA landscape of the southwest and Central Asian corridor. The American Journal of Human Genetics, (2004); 74(5): 827-845.

Rakha A, Shin K-J, Yoon JA, Kim NY, Siddique MH, et al. Forensic and genetic characterization of mtDNA from Pathans of Pakistan. International journal of legal medicine, (2011); 125(6): 841-848.

Siddiqi MH, Akhtar T, Rakha A, Abbas G, Ali A, et al. Genetic characterization of the Makrani people of Pakistan from mitochondrial DNA control-region data. Legal Medicine, (2015); 17(2): 134-139.

Bhatti S, Aslamkhan M, Abbas S, Attimonelli M, Aydin HH, et al. Genetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA control region variations in four tribes of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Mitochondrial DNA Part A, (2016); 1-11.

Bhatti S, Aslamkhan M, Attimonelli M, Abbas S, Aydin HH. Mitochondrial DNA variation in the Sindh population of Pakistan. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, (2017); 49(2): 201-216.

Whale J. Mitochondrial DNA analysis of four ethnic groups of Afghanistan. (2012). University of Portsmouth.

Ahmed M. Ancient Pakistan-an archaeological history. 2014 Amazon.

McElreavey K, Quintana-Murci L. A population genetics perspective of the Indus Valley through uniparentally-inherited markers. Annals of human biology, (2005); 32(2): 154-162.

Kivisild T, Rootsi S, Metspalu M, Mastana S, Kaldma K, et al. The genetic heritage of the earliest settlers persists both in Indian tribal and caste populations. The American Journal of Human Genetics, (2003); 72(2): 313-332.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.62940/als.v4i3.447

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.